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3.6 Consolidated financial statements Notes to the consolidated financial statements<br />

3.6 Consolidated financial statements Notes to the consolidated financial statements<br />

in profit or loss. Given a perfect hedge, changes in fair value of the<br />

underlying and hedging transactions are almost entirely offset. If the<br />

asset or liability is measured at amortized cost according to general<br />

accounting guidelines, its carrying amount must be adjusted for the<br />

cumulative changes in fair value resulting from the hedged risk.<br />

However, if the hedged item (e.g. available-for-sale security) is<br />

recognized at fair value without influencing the income statement in<br />

accordance with the general accounting guidelines, changes in fair<br />

value resulting from the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss,<br />

contrary to the general guidelines.<br />

A cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash<br />

flows associated with a recognized asset or liability, a highly probable<br />

forecast transaction, or foreign currency risk of a firm commitment.<br />

The effective portion of the fluctuations in fair value is immediately<br />

recognized in equity. The effective portion is reclassified from equity to<br />

profit or loss in the same period during which the hedged underlying<br />

transaction affects profit or loss. If a hedge subsequently results in the<br />

recognition of a non-financial asset (e.g. property, plant and<br />

equipment or inventories), then the fluctuations in fair value that were<br />

recognized in equity affect the value of the non-financial asset. When<br />

measuring the effectiveness between the underlying hedged<br />

transaction and the hedging instrument the remaining ineffective<br />

portion of the hedge and adjustments due to interest rate changes are<br />

immediately recognized in the consolidated statement of income. In the<br />

case of currency risks, the effectiveness of the hedging relationship is<br />

established by including changes in value due to spot rate changes as<br />

a hedged risk and excluding the interest component.<br />

When the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or<br />

exercised, or the hedging relationship is discontinued, but the forecast<br />

underlying transaction is still expected to occur, the cumulative gain or<br />

loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in equity<br />

remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs. It is<br />

recognized in profit or loss as detailed above when the transaction<br />

affects the income statement. If the hedged forecast transaction is no<br />

longer expected to occur, any related cumulative unrealized gain or<br />

loss recognized in equity is recognized immediately in the consolidated<br />

statement of income.<br />

The Group mainly uses cash flow hedges to hedge its exposure to<br />

changes in foreign currency rates, interest rates and commodity<br />

prices. In addition, the Group carries out hedging in accordance with<br />

the basic principles of risk management under which existing risks are<br />

hedged economically, but the hedges do not comply with the strict<br />

hedge accounting requirements under IAS 39. The Group does not use<br />

hedge accounting for foreign currency derivatives that have been<br />

concluded to hedge foreign currency risks arising from monetary<br />

balance sheet items. Thus, the effects from the foreign currency<br />

conversion of balance sheet items recognized in profit or loss are offset<br />

against the fluctuations in fair value of derivatives, which are also<br />

recognized in profit or loss.<br />

Currently, the Group does not apply hedging of a net investment in a<br />

foreign operation.<br />

More information about financial instruments is provided in Note 22.<br />

Deferred income taxes<br />

Deferred tax is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method<br />

in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amount of<br />

assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding<br />

tax basis used in the computation of taxable profit as well as for<br />

unused tax losses or credits. In principle, deferred tax liabilities are<br />

recognized for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax<br />

assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable<br />

profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences<br />

can be utilized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are also recognized<br />

on temporary differences arising from business combinations except to<br />

the extent they arise from goodwill that is not taken into account for tax<br />

purposes.<br />

Deferred taxes are calculated at the enacted or substantially enacted<br />

tax rates that are expected to apply when the asset or liability is<br />

settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited to the income statement,<br />

except when it relates to items credited or charged directly to equity, in<br />

which case the deferred tax is also recognized directly in equity.<br />

140

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