A Critical Conversation on Climate Change ... - Green Choices

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212 development dialogue september 2006 – carbon trading300 Michelle Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, FourthEstate, London, 2001, pp. 189–209.301 See, for example, World Business Council forSustainable Development and World ResourcesInstitute ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’, http://www.ghgprotocol.org.302 Drury et al., op. cit. supra note 123.303 Ibid.304 Biello, op. cit. supra note 217.305 Driesen, op. cit. supra note 62, pp. 314–5.306 Liroff, op.cit. supra note 166, pp. 16, 117.307 Ibid., pp. 83–6.308 Jacob Werksman, ‘The Clean DevelopmentMechanism: Unwrapping the “Kyoto Surprise”’,Review of European Community and InternationalEnvironmental Law 7, 2, 1998, pp. 149-150.309 Op. cit., p. 155.310 Ellerman et al., op. cit. supra note 53, p. 318.311 Lovbrand, op. cit. supra note 271, p. 452. See alsoGregg Marland et al., ‘The Climatic Impacts of LandSurface Change and Carbon Management, and theImplications for Climate-Change Mitigation Policy’,Climate Policy 3, 2, 2003, pp.149–57, p. 150.312 W. Booth, ‘Johnny Appleseed and the Greenhouse:Replanting Forests of Mitigate Global Warming’,Science 242, 4875, October 1988, p. 197; B. W.Walsh, ‘World Forests’, American Forests 95, 11/12,November 1989, p. 28; Roger Sedjo and A. M.Solomon, ‘Climate and Forests’, in N. J. Rosenberget al., eds., Greenhouse Warming: Abatement andAdaptation, Resources for the Future, Washington,1989.313 Mike Mason, Climate Care, quoted in ENDS Report,March 2000.314 Van Vliet et al., op. cit. supra note 272, p. 154. Eventhe Kyoto Protocol, with its minimal emissionsreduction requirements, sanctions the idea of givingthe industrialised countries of the North access toa whopping 10 million hectares every year for useas a carbon dumping ground (Jutta Kill, Sinkswatch,personal communication, 2001).315 P. Falkowski et al., ‘The Global Carbon Cycle:A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System’,Science 290, 13 October 2000, pp. 291–96. See alsoIan Noble et al., ‘Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol’,Climate Policy 1, 2001, pp. 5–25 and R. A. Houghton,‘Counting Terrestrial Sources and Sinks of Carbon’,Climatic Change 48, 2001, p. 526: ‘the net annualflux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems andthe atmosphere is small, between 0 and 1.4 PgC peryear, and thus (arguably) not worth measuring orcounting for the Kyoto Protocol’. While uptake ofcarbon by the biosphere may have increased overthe 1990s, Falkowski et al. caution that ‘sink strengthwill almost certainly weaken’ as time goes on (p.293). See also Robert Socolow, ‘The Century LongChallenge of Fossil-Carbon Sequestration’, paperprepared for the Second Annual EnvironmentalPolicy Forum, ‘Climate Change – What Next?’,Aspen 13–16 Sept. 2001.316 ‘Agribusiness Giants Hold Different Philosophies:ADM Pursuing Biofuels, While Cargill Makes Foodits Priority’, Associated Press, 22 May 2006.317 James Mackintosh, ‘Elusive Cornucopia: Why it willbe Hard to Reap the Benefit of Biofuel’, FinancialTimes, 21 June 2006.318 Uwe R. Fritsche, ‘Sustainable Biomass Energy:Results for Europe, and Global Issues’, Oko-Institut,Darmstadt, May 2006.319 Fiona Harvey, ‘Biofuels “Can Harm theEnvironment”’, Financial Times, 25 July 2006.320 George Monbiot, ‘Worse then Fossil Fuel’, TheGuardian, 6 December 2005.321 See http://www.counterpunch.org/olmstead07032006.html.322 Lohmann, op. cit. supra note 223.323 Sten Nilsson et al., Full Carbon Account for Russia,IIASA Interim Report IR-00-021, InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg,Austria, 2000, http://www.iiasa.ac.at.324 Sten Nilsson, ‘Editorial’, Options, InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg,Austria, Autumn 2000, p. 1. Data are improving, butstill remain useless for the purposes of a carbonmarket. See Quirin Schiermaier, ‘That SinkingFeeling’, Nature 435, 9 June 2005, pp. 732–33.325 Houghton, op. cit. supra note 315.326 Y. Pan et al., ‘New Estimates of Carbon Storageand Sequestration in China’s Forests: Effects ofAge-Class and Method on Inventory-Based CarbonEstimation’, Climatic Change 67, 2–3, 2004, pp.211–236.327 M. J. Schelhaas et al., ‘Closing the Carbon Budgetof a Scots Pine Forest in The Netherlands’, ClimaticChange 67, 2–3, 2004, pp. 309–328.328 ‘Pine Plantations May Be One Culprit in IncreasingCarbon Dioxide Levels’, NASA Earth Observatory,24 July 2006.329 Victor, op. cit. supra note 34.330 D. Read et al., The Role of Land Carbon Sinks inMitigating Global Climate Change, The RoyalSociety, London, 2001.331 Fred Pearce, ‘Drought Bumps Up Global
lessons unlearned 213Thermostat’, New Scientist, 6 August 2005, p. 16.332 Douglass C. North, ‘Dealing with a Non-ErgodicWorld: Institutional Economics, Property Rights,and the Global Environment’, Duke EnvironmentalLaw and Policy Forum 10, 1, 1999. See also PaulHarremoës et al., The Precautionary Principle in the20 th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings,Earthscan, London, 2002.333 J. G. Canadell et al., ‘Quantifying, Understandingand Managing the Carbon Cycle in the NextDecades’, Climatic Change, 67, 2–3, 2004, pp. 147–160; Ian Sample, ‘Warming hits “tipping point”’, TheGuardian, 11 August 2005.334 Canadell et al., op. cit. This ‘missing terrestrial sink’amounts to 1.0–3.6 billion tonnes of carbon a year, orabout half as much as annual fossil fuel emissions.Sink strength is ‘highly variable’ from year to year, withthe projected ‘future dynamics’ of the carbon cyclevarying enormously from model to model, especiallyin view of ecosystem responses to warming.335 R. A. Betts, ‘Offset of the Potential Carbon Sinkfrom Boreal Forestation by Decreases in SurfaceAlbedo’, Nature 408, 9 November 2000, pp. 187–90.336 Falkowski et al., op. cit. supra note 315.337 Betts, op. cit. supra note 335; Canadell et al., op. cit.supra note 333.338 R. A. Gill et al., ‘Nonlinear Grassland Responses toPast and Future Atmospheric CO 2 ’, Nature 417, 16May 2002, pp. 279–283.339 P. W. Boyd et al., ‘The Decline and Fate of an Iron-Induced Subarctic Phytoplankton Boom’, Nature428, 1 April 2004, pp. 549–553.340 ‘A Consequence of Climate Change: InsectInfestations Destroying Canada’s Forests’, BiocapCanada Foundation, Kingston, Ontario, September2004, http://www.biocap.ca.341 W. Knorr et al., ‘Long-Term Sensitivity of Soil CarbonTurnover to Warming’, Nature 433, 20 January 2005.342 Pickrell, op. cit. supra note 135.343 J. Manley et al., ‘Creating Carbon Offsets inAgriculture through No-Till Cultivation: a Meta-Analysis of Costs and Carbon Benefits’, ClimaticChange 68, 1–2, 2005, p. 41.344 Changsheng Li et al., ‘Carbon Sequestration in ArableSoils is Likely to Increase Nitrous Oxide Emissions,Offsetting Reductions in Climate Radiative Forcing’,Climatic Change 72, 2005, pp. 321–338.345 D. A. Stainforth et al., ‘Uncertainty in Predictionsof the Climate Response to Rising Levels ofGreenhouse Gases’, Nature 433, 27 January 2005,pp. 403–07.346 E. Mayorga et al., ‘Young Organic Matter as a Sourceof Carbon Dioxide Outgassing from AmazonianRivers’, Nature 436, 2005, pp. 538–41.347 David C. Lowe, ‘A Green Source of Surprise’, Nature439, 12 January 2006, pp. 148–49; Frank Keppleret al., ‘Methane Emissions from Terrestrial Plantsunder Aerobic Conditions’, Nature 439, 12 January2006, pp. 187–191.348 Gregg Marland et al., ‘Accounting for SequesteredCarbon: The Question of Permanence’,Environmental Science and Policy 4, 2001, pp. 259–268; Michael Dutschke, ‘Fractions of Permanence– Squaring the Cycle of Sink Carbon Accounting’,Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for GlobalChange 7, 2002, pp. 381–402.349 Lohmann, op. cit. supra note 223, pp. 40–41.350 North, op. cit. supra note 332.351 Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit,Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1921. Knight’s distinction isbetween ideal types and need not be treated as asharp binary opposition.352 Harremoës, op. cit. supra note 332.353 Ibid., p. 217.354 Ibid. As economist Douglass North puts it,’economists, from Kenneth Arrow to RobertLucas, have asserted that one cannot theorise inthe face of pure uncertainty … almost all of the[environmental] issues that we are concerned with …are uncertainty issues.…’ (North, op. cit. supra note332).355 ENDS Report 328, May 2002.356 Harremoës, op. cit. supra note 332, p. 216.357 Knight, op. cit. supra note 351, Part III, Chapter VI.358 See, for instance, World Rainforest Movement,‘Mount Tamalpais Declaration’, 2000, http://www.wrm.org.uy/statements/Tamalpais.html;Equity Watch archives, Centre for Science andEnvironment, Delhi, http://www.cseindia.org/campaign/ew/archives.htm.359 Claire Tenner, ‘Verification of the Kyoto Protocol: AFundamental Requirement’, VERTIC Briefing Paper00/6, October 2000. As early as 1998, the GermanAdvisory Council on Global Change had warnedthat the ‘complex nonlinear dynamics’ of terrestrialecosystems set them apart from ‘energy-relatedprocesses’ and cautioned against counting growth offorests as ‘emissions reductions.’360 UNFCCC, document FCCC/CP/2001/13.Add.1.361 Robert T. Watson et al., eds., Land Use, Land UseChange and Forestry, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 2000.
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PRESS RELEASEContact:Linda Chiavaro
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ContentsEditorial note 2Chapter 1 I
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editorial note 3in Dorset, UK - poi
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6 development dialogue september 20
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Chapter 2‘Made in the USA’A sho
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‘made in the usa’ - a short his
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Chapter 5Ways forwardIn which the c
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ways forward 331‘Tinkering around
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ways forward 333suggests that the
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ways forward 335more stringent than
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ways forward 337Unlike carbon tradi
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ways forward 339hold little appeal
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ways forward 341Waiting their Chanc
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ways forward 343ways - many of whic
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ways forward 345energy - loan benef
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ways forward 347From an Open Letter
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ways forward 349be answered in the
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ways forward 351rogated by Indian v
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ways forward 353argue, they’ve he
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appendix - the durban declaration o
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appendix - the durban declaration o
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