A Critical Conversation on Climate Change ... - Green Choices

216 development dialogue september 2006 – carbon trading428 ‘The World Bank’s Investments in Climate-ChangingFossil fuels’, Environmental Media Services, 16October 2003, http://www.ems.org.429 Based on figures provided in the PCF’s 2004 AnnualReport, World Bank, Washington (http://www.carbonfinance.org). Because some of the PCF’sprojects would have happened without the PCF,and thus cannot represent real reductions, the word‘allegedly’ is necessary here.430 Gold Standard brochure, n. d.431 Driesen, op. cit. supra note 161, pp. 158, 164.432 Grubb, op. cit. supra note 236, p. 246.433 Ruth Greenspan Bell, ‘The Kyoto Placebo’, Issues inScience and Technology, Winter 2006, p. 22.434 Clean Development Watch and Third WorldNetwork, The CDM: Reducing GHG Emissions orBusiness as Usual?, CDM Watch, Sydney, 2003.435 Ibid.436 Philibert and Reineaud, op. cit. supra note 65.437 Ibid.438 The cost of compliance for a Chinese sulphurdioxide trading programme was often greater thanthe maximum allowed penalty for non-compliance.See Greenspan Bell, op. cit. supra note 129, p. 19.439 G. Cornelius van Kooten, ‘Smoke and Mirrors: TheKyoto Protocol and Beyond’, unpublished paper,2003, p. 24. See also G. Cornelius van Kooten,Climate Change Economics: Why InternationalAccords Fail, Edward Elgar, London, 2004.440 McKibben and Wilcoxen, op. cit. supra note 266,p. 126.441 Greenspan Bell, op. cit. supra note 112.442 William Nordhaus, ‘Life after Kyoto: AlternativeMechanisms to Control Global Warming Policies’,Yale University, 2005, http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3167.443 ‘Climate Change Monitoring: InternationalGreenhouse Gas Emissions Trading’, http://www.emissierechten.nl/climate_change__monitoring_inter.htm .444 Greenspan Bell, op. cit. supra note 433.445 Ibid.446 Ibid.447 John Adams, ‘Cost-Benefit Analysis: Part of theProblem, Not the Solution’, paper delivered atGreen College, Oxford, 1995, p. 18. See also JohnO’Neill, ‘Managing without Prices: The MonetaryValuation of Biodiversity’, Ambio 26, 8, 1997, p. 550.448 ‘Charlotte’s “Carbon Footprint”’, Daily Telegraph, 5March 2006.449 Bill Leverett, ‘Can’t See the Good for the Trees’,Environment and Sustainable Technology, June2006, pp. 16-17, likens carbon offsets to themedieval trade in ‘indulgences’, vouchers thatwiped out a specified amount of sin. ‘Aggressiveand unscrupulous selling of indulgences, and therealisation on the part of buyers that they didn’treally do all they were supposed to do, was one ofthe factors leading to the Protest Reformation.’450 See http://www.carbonneutral.com.451 For an example, see Anatole Kaletsky, ‘Workers ofthe World Unite! We Have Nothing to Lose but ourAirline Tickets!’, London Times, 9 March 2006, p. 21.452 Quoted in Heinzerling, op. cit. supra note 55, p. 312.453 See forms available at http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/Validation.454 Soumitra Ghosh, personal communication, May2006.455 Adil Najam et al., ‘Climate Negotiations beyondKyoto: Developing Countries’ Concerns andInterests’, Climate Policy 3, 2003, 221–231, p. 226.456 Rob Bradley, World Resources Institute, Washington,DC.457 Jacob Werksman, ‘Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTrading and the WTO’, Review of EuropeanCommunity and International Environmental Law 8,3, 1999, pp. 251–264.458 FEASTA and New Economics Foundation, op. cit.supra note 97, p. 4.459 Ibid. See also Climate Action Network Europe,‘Analysis of National Allocation Plans’, Brussels,2005, pp. 45-46 for the narrower complaint thatNGOs in particular have not participated fully informulating National Allocation Plans.460 Greenspan Bell, op. cit. supra note 129.461 Peter Barnes, Who Owns the Sky? Our CommonAssets and the Future of Capitalism, Island Press,Washington, 2001.