28 development dialogue september 2006 – carb<strong>on</strong> trading45 Larry Lohmann, ‘Whose Voice is Speaking? HowOpini<strong>on</strong> Polling and Cost-Benefit Analysis SynthesizeNew “Publics”’, Corner House Briefing No. 7, 1998,available at http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk. See alsoKysar, op. cit. supra note 41, pp. 570-78.46 For various irrati<strong>on</strong>alities associated with costbenefitanalysis, see also Henry Richards<strong>on</strong>, PracticalReas<strong>on</strong>ing about Final Ends, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, 1994; Martha Nussbaum, TheFragility of Goodness, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1986; John O’Neill, Ecology, Policy andPolitics, Routledge, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 1993; Elizabeth Anders<strong>on</strong>,Value in Ethics and Ec<strong>on</strong>omics, Harvard UniversityPress, Cambridge, MA, 1993; David Wiggins, Needs,Values, Truth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987and Mary O’Brien, Making Better Envir<strong>on</strong>mentalDecisi<strong>on</strong>s: An Alternative to Risk Assessment, MITPress, Cambridge, MA, 2000.47 Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Hought<strong>on</strong>Mifflin, Bost<strong>on</strong>, 1921, Part III, Chapter VII. See alsoBox: Carb<strong>on</strong> Offsets and the Ghost of Frank Knight, inChapter 3 of this special report, pp. 160-161.48 Evan Mills, ‘Insurance in a <strong>Climate</strong> of <strong>Change</strong>’, Science309, 12 August 2005, pp. 1040-1044.49 For example, an Oxford University programmeattempting to model climate change between 1920and 2080, and run <strong>on</strong> thousands of home computersin Britain, had to be restarted in April 2006 aftermodelers decided that ‘<strong>on</strong>e of the input files to themodel hadn’t been increasing the amount of sulphatepolluti<strong>on</strong> in the atmosphere (sometimes called the“global dimming” effect) as it should have d<strong>on</strong>e’,resulting in an ‘unmasked’ and therefore exacerbatedwarming. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/hottopics/climatechange/updates1.shtml.50 Fred Pearce, ‘Harbingers of Doom?’, New Scientist2457, 24 July 2004.51 Paul N. Edwards, ‘Global <strong>Climate</strong> Science, Uncertaintyand Politics: Data-Laden Models, Model-Filtered Data’,Science as Culture 8, 4, 1999, pp. 437-472.52 Paul N. Edwards, ‘The World in a Machine: Originsand Impacts of Early Computerized Global SystemsModels’ in Thomas P. Hughes and Agatha C. Hughes,Systems Experts and Computers, MIT Press,Cambridge, MA, 2000, pp. 221-254.53 David Stainforth, ‘Modelling <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>: KnownUnknowns’, Open Democracy, 3 June 2005, http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalizati<strong>on</strong>-climate_change_debate/2571.jsp; see also James M. Murphy et al.,‘Quantificati<strong>on</strong> of Modelling Uncertainties in a LargeEnsemble of <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Simulati<strong>on</strong>s’, Nature 430,12 August 2004, pp. 768-772.54 George Myers<strong>on</strong>, D<strong>on</strong>na Haraway and GM Foods, Ic<strong>on</strong>Books, Cambridge, 1999, quoted in Hugh Gusters<strong>on</strong>,‘Decoding the Debate <strong>on</strong> ‘Frankenfood’’, in BetsyHartmann, Banu Subramaniam and Charles Zerner:Making Threats: Biofears and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Anxieties,Rowman and Littlefield, New Jersey, 2005.55 Eugene Linden, op.cit. supra note 8.56 Paul Brown, ‘Islands in Peril Plead for Deal’, TheGuardian, 24 November 2000, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,782560,00.html.57 United Nati<strong>on</strong>s Internati<strong>on</strong>al Strategy for DisasterReducti<strong>on</strong>, ‘Natural Disasters and SustainableDevelopment: Understanding the Links betweenDevelopment, Envir<strong>on</strong>ment and Natural Disasters’,Background Paper No. 5, Geneva, 2002, p. 3,http://www.un.org/jsummit/html/documents/backgrounddocs/unisdr%20report.pdf. See alsoChristian Aid, The <strong>Climate</strong> of Poverty: Facts, Fears andHope, Christian Aid, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 2006.58 Michael Northrop and David Sasso<strong>on</strong>, ‘Catching upwith Fiduciaries’, Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Finance supplement,November 2005, p. S40.59 Paul Harremoës et al., The Precauti<strong>on</strong>ary Principle inthe 20 th Century, Earthscan, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 2002, pp. 210-218.60 Brian Fagan, op. cit. supra note 35, pp. xiv-xvi.61 ‘The End of the Oil Age’, The Ec<strong>on</strong>omist, 23 October2003.62 IPCC, Third Assessment Report, Cambridge, 2001,WMO/UNEP, cited in Joseph E. Aldy et al., Bey<strong>on</strong>dKyoto: Advancing the Internati<strong>on</strong>al Effort against<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>, Pew Center <strong>on</strong> Global <strong>Climate</strong><strong>Change</strong>, Arlingt<strong>on</strong>, VA, December 2003, p. 34.63 Malte Meinshausen, ‘On the Risk of Overshooting2 o C.’, Exeter, 2 February 2005, http://www.stabilisati<strong>on</strong>2005.com/day2/Meinshausen.pdf.64 Steffen Kalbekken and Nathan Rive, ‘Why Delaying<strong>Climate</strong> Acti<strong>on</strong> is a Gamble’, Centre for Internati<strong>on</strong>al<strong>Climate</strong> and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Research, http://www.stabilisati<strong>on</strong>2005.com/30_Steffen_Kallbekken.pdf.65 Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalizati<strong>on</strong>,Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002, p. 27.66 Singer, op. cit. supra note 65.67 Andrew Simms, ‘The Ecological Debt Crisis’, Tiempo55, April 2005, p. 19. Simms notes that ‘a decade afterthe UNFCCC was signed, countries including the US, Australia, Canada and many European nati<strong>on</strong>s areemitting more carb<strong>on</strong> dioxide per pers<strong>on</strong> than theywere at the time of the 1992 earth summit. . . . in lessthan two days, a US family uses the equivalent in fossilfuels per pers<strong>on</strong> as a family in Tanzania will depend <strong>on</strong>for a whole year’ (op. cit., p. 18).68 Duncan Austin et al., supra note 1.69 Peter Singer, op. cit. supra note 65.
introducti<strong>on</strong> – a new fossil fuel crisis 2970 See Chapters 3 and 5, as well as such recent works as,for example, George M<strong>on</strong>biot, Heat: How to Stop thePlanet Burning, Allen Lane, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 2006.71 Stephen Kretzmann and Irfan Nooruddin, Drilling intoDebt: An Investigati<strong>on</strong> into the Relati<strong>on</strong>ship betweenDebt and Oil, Oil <strong>Change</strong> Internati<strong>on</strong>al, Washingt<strong>on</strong>,2005.72 For recent documentati<strong>on</strong>, see, for example, thewebsite of Oilwatch, http://www.oilwatch.org andPlatform, Pumping Poverty: Britain’s Departmentfor Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development and theOil Industry,Platform, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 2005, http://www.carb<strong>on</strong>web.org/documents/pumping_poverty_web.pdf; and Brett<strong>on</strong>Woods Project, ‘Chad-Camero<strong>on</strong> Pipeline: Corrupti<strong>on</strong>and Double Standards’, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 2004.73 See http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Science/2005/11/17/1311486-cp.html’target=3D’_blank’>Dennis Bueckert: CNEWS, 17 November 2005.74 MacD<strong>on</strong>ald Stainsby, ‘Canada, the US, and the TarSands’, Z Magazine, 31 December 2005, http://www.zmag.org/.75 United Nati<strong>on</strong>s Framework C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Climate</strong><strong>Change</strong>, C<strong>on</strong>ference of the Parties 11, OpeningCerem<strong>on</strong>ies: Speaking Notes for the H<strong>on</strong>ourableStéphane Di<strong>on</strong>, P.C., M.P., Minister of the Envir<strong>on</strong>ment,M<strong>on</strong>treal, 28 November 2005.76 Paul Brown, ‘Energy Efficiency Targets Scrapped’, TheGuardian, 18 July 2005.77 House of Lords, Science and Technology Committee,‘Renewable Energy: Practicalities’, Fourth Report ofSessi<strong>on</strong> 2003-04, Volume I: Report, Stati<strong>on</strong>ery Office,L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 2004, p. 7.78 T<strong>on</strong>y Blair, video address to the Internati<strong>on</strong>alC<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Renewable Energy, B<strong>on</strong>n, 1-4 June,2004.79 Prime Minister’s speech <strong>on</strong> climate change, 14September 2004.80 T<strong>on</strong>y Blair, ‘Get Real <strong>on</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>’, Observer(L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>) 30 October 2005.81 Tyndall Centre for <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Research,Decarb<strong>on</strong>izing the UK: Energy for a <strong>Climate</strong> C<strong>on</strong>sciousFuture, Exeter, 2005.82 Internati<strong>on</strong>al Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook2005, Paris, 2005, http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS_REL_ID=163.83 Darcy Frey, ‘How <strong>Green</strong> Is BP?’, New York TimesMagazine, 8 December 2002.84 John Browne, ‘Bey<strong>on</strong>d Kyoto’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2004.85 ‘Shell Boss Fears for the Planet’, BBC News, 17 June2004.86 World Business Council for Sustainable Development,Sharpening the Focus for Acti<strong>on</strong> – A BusinessPerspective, WBCSD, 2005, http://www.wbcsd.org/.87 Jim Vallette et al., Wr<strong>on</strong>g Turn from Rio: The WorldBank’s Road to <strong>Climate</strong> Catastrophe, Institute forPolicy Studies, Washingt<strong>on</strong>, 2004, p. 5.88 Ibid.89 J<strong>on</strong> Sohn et al., ‘Mainstreaming <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> at theMultilateral Development Banks’, World ResourcesInstitute, Washingt<strong>on</strong>, 2005.90 Ibid.91 Jim Vallette and Steve Kretzmann, The Energy Tug ofWar: The Winners and Losers of World Bank Fossil FuelFinance, Institute for Policy Studies, Washingt<strong>on</strong>, 2004,pp. 21-26.92 See http://web.worldbank.org.
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