A Critical Conversation on Climate Change ... - Green Choices

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320 development dialogue september 2006 – carbon trading1 Freeman J. Dyson, ‘Can We Control Carbon Dioxidein the Atmosphere?’, Energy 2, 1977, pp. 287-291.2 Paul Faeth et al., Evaluating the CarbonSequestration Benefits of Forestry Projects inDeveloping Countries, World Resources Institute/EPA, Washington, 1994; Sandra Brown et al., CarbonSequestration Final Evaluation: Final Report toCARE Guatemala for PNO3 Agroforestry Project,Winrock International, Arlington, VA, 1999. Theproject also featured the first ever ‘additionality’analysis; that is, an analysis that claimed the projectdeserved carbon credits because it would not havehappened without the sponsoring corporation’sconcern about climate change. See Mark Trexleret al., ‘Forestry as a Global Warming MitigationStrategy: An Analysis of the Guatemala CarbonSequestration Forestry Project’, World ResourcesInstitute, Washington, 1989.3 See www.careusa.org/careswork/project.asp.4 World Rainforest Movement Bulletin No. 37, August2000, available at www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/37/Camerica.html; and www.careusa.org/careswork/project.asp. Guatemala Agroforestry estimates100 tonnes of carbon sequestered per hectare forforests and 30 tonnes for regrowth.5 Brown et al., op. cit. supra note 2.6 World Bank, Guatemala – Integrated Managementof Natural Resources in the Western Altiplano(MIRNA). Project Appraisal Document, World Bank,Washington, 2001.7 Larry Lohmann, ‘Democracy or Carbocracy?Intellectual Corruption and the Future of theClimate Debate’, Corner House Briefing No. 24,2001, pp. 36-44, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk.8 Brown et al., op. cit. supra note 2.9 Verónica Vidal, La Aplicacion de Politicas sobreCambio Climatico en el Sector Forestal del Ecuador,Memoria de Investigación Doctorado en GestiónAmbiental y Economía Ecológica, AutonomousUniversity of Barcelona, October 1999.10 Since 1994, PROFAFOR has arranged forestationcontracts in the provinces of the Ecuadorian Sierra:Imbabura, Pichincha, Chimborazo, Cañar, Azuayand Loja. It has also signed contracts in coastalprovinces, in the buffer zone of the Mache-ChindulEcological Reserve within the polygon formed by ElCarmen, Pedernales, Cojimíes, Muisne, Atacames,Bilsa and Quinindé – that is to say, in the north ofthe province of Manabi and in the south of theprovince of Esmeraldas.11 Robert Hofstede, ‘Impactos Ecológicos dePlantaciones Forestales’, in Robert Hofstede et al.,Geografía, Ecología y Forestación de la Sierra Altadel Ecuador: Revisión de Literatura, Editorial AbyaYala, Ecuador, 1998. See also Robert Hofstede, LaImportancia Hídrica Del Páramo y Aspectos de SuManejo, EcoPar, August 1997.12 Vidal, op. cit. supra note 9.13 G. Medina et al., ‘El Páramo como Espacio deMitigación de Carbono Atmosférico, Serie Páramo,1’, GTP/Abya Yala, Quito, 1999, quoted in VeronicaVidal, ‘Impactos de la Aplicación de Políticas sobreCambio Climático en la Forestación del Páramo deEcuador’, Ecología Política, No. 18, 1999, pp. 49-54.14 See http://www.stichtingface.nl.15 Ibid.16 See also C. Borga et al., Plantas Nativas paraReforestación en el Ecuador, Fundación Natura,Quito, 1980.17 See http://www.stichtingface.nl.18 Mary Milne, ‘Transaction Costs of Forest CarbonProjects’, Center for International ForestryResearch, available at http://www.une.edu.au/febl/Economics/carbon/CC05.PDF.19 Montserrat Alban and Maria Arguello, Un Análisisde los Impactos Sociales y Económicos de losProyectos de Fijación de Carbono en el Ecuador: ElCaso de PROFAFOR-FACE, International Institutefor Environment and Development, London, 2004.20 The agreement was signed using as a reference adocument from the property registry and some falsetitle deeds.21 Harald Eraker, ‘CO 2 lonialism: Norwegian TreePlantations, Carbon Credits and Land Conflicts inUganda’, NorWatch/The Future in Our Hands, Oslo,2000.22 NORAD, letter to NorWatch, 30 March 2000.23 Trygve Refsdal in telephone conversation withHarald Eraker, March 2000.24 Ibid.25 B. Koppers, Social Impact Assessment of theProposed Natural Forest Resources Managementand Conservation Program, K Consult, Oslo,October 1999.26 D. N. Byarugaba, Commissioner for Forestry,‘Utilisation of Bukaleba Forest Reserve’, 25 January2000. An MP, Bunya West, wrote an open letterdated the same day which reacted harshly to aproposed solution for the land conflict put forwardby a parliamentarian from the district on behalfof Norwegian and German concessionaires. Theproposal entailed that while those only engaged infisheries could keep a landing site for fishing boats,other intruders had to leave the reserve by the endof July that year.
offsets – the fossil economy’s new arena of conflict 32127 John R. W. Aluma, ‘Report on Environment ImpactAssessment of the Management Plan for BukalebaForest Reserve under Busoga Forestry CompanyLimited’, consultant’s report, September 1999.28 The company’s environmental impact assessment,too, has noted the fears of local people: ‘The [local]communities have expressed very strong desireto be permitted to continue to stay there [in thereserve] as it would be extremely difficult to findalternative locations and activities for livelihoods.’Yet the summary of the impact assessment statesthat the farmers and fishermen ‘consider the projectas a positive socio-economic development’ for thearea. Ibid.29 Koppers, op. cit supra note 25.30 Nsita Steve Amooti, Forest Officer, ‘Field Visit toBukaleba Forest Reserve’, 24 November 1999.31 According to one report, farmers must also pay acash rent ranging from 10,000 to 85,000 Ugandanshillings per hectare, at a time when Tree Farmsis only paying 5,000 shillings per year to theauthorities for every hectare planted with trees.Ibid.32 Koppers, op. cit supra note 25.33 Amooti, op. cit. supra note 30.34 Odd Ivar Løvhaugen, email to Harald Eraker, 20January 2000.35 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Special Report: Land Use, Land-Use Change, andForestry, Draft Summary for Policymakers, Oxford,Oxford University Press, 2000.36 Koppers, op. cit supra note 25.37 Trygve Refsdal, email to Harald Eraker, 24 March2000.38 As noted in the previous section, FACE Foundation(Forests Absorbing Carbon-Dioxide Emissions)contributes financially to the ‘reforestation’ of about150,000 hectares worldwide. FACE is an initiative ofthe Dutch Electricity Generation Board.39 According to a Societé Générale de Surveillance(SGS) assessment report done in 2001, the projectis expected to result in an increase in the averagestorage capacity of 3.73 million tonnes of carbondioxide over its 99-year lifespan. SGS is theworld’s largest inspection, verification and testingorganisation.40 New Vision, Monday, 15 April 2002. New Vision isUganda’s leading daily newspaper.41 Chris Lang, ‘Uganda: Face Foundation, CarbonConflict and FSC Certification’, World RainforestMovement Bulletin 101, December 2005, www.wrm.org.uy.42 New Vision, 30 June 2004.43 Miriam van Heist, Land Unit Map of Mount ElgonNational Park, IUCN technical report, Gland,unpublished, 1994.44 Lang, op. cit supra note 41.45 Axel P. Gosseries, ‘The Legal Architecture of JointImplementation: What Do We Learn from the PilotPhase?’ New York University Environmental LawJournal 7, 1999, pp. 99-100.46 Michael Dutschke and Axel Michaelowa, ‘JointImplementation as a Development Policy – The Caseof Costa Rica’, HWWA Discussion Paper No. 49, 1997.47 M. Alfaro et al., ‘Evaluación del Sector Forestalde Costa Rica para la Mitigación del CambioClimático en el Marco del MDL: Informe Final’,Proyecto Bosques y Cambio Climático en AméricaCentral, Organización de las Naciones Unidas parala Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), ComisiónCentroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo(CCAD), San José, Costa Rica, 2003.48 ‘The Marrakesh Accords and the MarrakeshResolution’, www.unfccc.int/cop7/documents/accords_draft.pdf.49 Alfaro et al., op. cit supra note 47.50 Ibid.51 At present most of the timber consumed by thecountry comes from wooded grasslands. Forexample, in the year 2001 alone, approximately260,000 cubic metres of timber were legallyextracted from some 170,000 hectares of woodedgrasslands, amounting to 3 per cent of the nationalterritory (Estado de la Nación, San Jose, 2003).52 See Paul Harremoës et al., The PrecautionaryPrinciple in the 20 th Century: Late Lessons fromEarly Warnings, Earthscan, London, 2002.53 See, for example, P. B. Reich et al., ‘NitrogenLimitation Constrains Sustainability of EcosystemResponse to CO 2 ’, Nature 440, 13 April 2006, pp.922-925; D. A. Stainforth et al., ‘Uncertainty inPredictions of the Climate Response to Rising Levelsof Greenhouse Gases’, Nature 433, 27 January 2005,pp.403-07; W. Knorr et al., ‘Long-Term Sensitivityof Soil Carbon Turnover to Warming’, Nature 433,20 January 2005, pp. 298–302; D. Read et al., TheRole of Land Carbon Sinks in Mitigating GlobalClimate Change, Royal Society, London, 2001; R.Gill et al., ‘Nonlinear Grassland Responses to Pastand Future Atmospheric CO 2 ’, Nature 417, 16 May2002, pp. 279–283; J. G. Canadell et al., ‘Quantifying,Understanding and Managing the Carbon Cycle inthe Next Decades’, Climatic Change 67, 2–3, 2004,pp. 147–160; R. A. Houghton, ‘Counting TerrestrialSources and Sinks of Carbon’, Climatic Change 48,200, pp. 525-534; Y. Pan et al., ‘New Estimates of
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PRESS RELEASEContact:Linda Chiavaro
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ContentsEditorial note 2Chapter 1 I
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editorial note 3in Dorset, UK - poi
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Chapter 2‘Made in the USA’A sho
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Page 331 and 332: Chapter 5Ways forwardIn which the c
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Page 359 and 360: appendix - the durban declaration o
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