A Critical Conversation on Climate Change ... - Green Choices

324 development dialogue september 2006 – carbon trading90 G. Brahmane et al, op. cit. supra note 87.91 Inhabitants of so-called forest villages lack land titledeeds (pattas) and are classified as ‘encroachers’ onstate forest land.92 For further information on the current situationregarding JFM in Madhya Pradesh, see ShramikAdivasi Sanghathan, op. cit. supra note 88.93 K. Sivaramakrishnan, op. cit. supra note 85.94 Stephen Bass et al., ‘Rural Livelihoods and CarbonManagement’, Natural Resources Issues PaperNo. 1, International Institute for Environment andDevelopment, London, 2000, http://www.iied.org,pp. 4-5.95 See, for example, C. K. Janu, ‘The South IndianAdivasi Experience in the Nagar Hole NationalPark and Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary’, speech atthe World Parks Congress, Durban, South Africa,8-18 September 2003, available at http://www.forestpeoples.org/Briefings/Indigenous%20Rights/wpc_india_nagarahole_eng.htm.96 Marrakesh Accords and the Marrakesh Declaration,Bonn, 2001, http://unfccc.int/cop7/accords_draft.pdf,Annex (A) 1. (c).97 For example, Global Environment Fund,‘Conservation of Transboundary Biodiversity inthe Minkébé-Odzala-Dja Inter-zone in Gabon,Congo, and Cameroon: Project Brief’, World Bank,Washington, 2004, http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=1095.98 See Stephen Bass et al., op. cit. supra note 94.99 ‘Doubts Raised over Some Indian CDM Projects’,Point Carbon, op. cit., supra note 63.100 This is an example of a non-CDM carbon tradingproject. The project bypassed government andthe CDM Executive Board and was implementedbetween two private entities. It was thus notsubject to any legal requirements involvingregistration, monitoring or verification.101 ‘Consulting Firms Deny Wrongdoing in DraftingIndian PDDs’, Point Carbon, 11 November 2005,http://www.pointcarbon.com.102 Ghosh et al., Report on CDM Projects, supra note 66.103 US Environmental Protection Agency, Inside theGreenhouse, EPA, Washington, 1997, www.epa.gov/globalwarming/greenhouse/greenhouse2/oregon.html. Solar-home systems are purchased on credit.SELCO was to use money from Klamath Falls topurchase stock. It would then be reimbursed byestate management using deductions from projectparticipants’ monthly salaries.104 SELCO, a Maryland-based firm with offices inBangalore, Colombo and Ho Chi Minh City, wasestablished in 1997. Its Sri Lankan branch folded in2005.105 Solar-industry analysts believe that the Sri Lankanmarket for solar-home systems is at least one millionhouseholds, not including the war-torn provincesof the north and east. (Personal communication,Mr Pradeep Jayawardene, Shell Renewables LankaLtd. At the time of an interview with Cynthia Caron,this number did not include the war-torn provincesin the north and east where ethnic conflict hascreated economic instability and uncertainty forSri Lanka’s business community. With the 2002ceasefire agreement between the Government ofSri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam(LTTE), the solar market might open up in the LTTEdominatedprovinces in the island’s north and east.)As of August 2002, about 30,000 systems had beeninstalled island-wide, 20,000 with support fromthe World Bank’s Energy Services Delivery Project.(Lalith Gunaratne, email correspondence 12 August2002.) For more on the difficulties of financing solarhomesystems for rural electrification, see CynthiaCaron, ‘Examining Alternatives: The Energy ServicesDelivery Project in Sri Lanka’, Energy for SustainableDevelopment 6, 1, 2002, pp. 37-45.106 SELCO, ‘Developing Countries Receive SolarFunding from Oregon’s Klamath CogenerationProject Carbon Offset Portfolio.’ SELCO PressRelease No. 4, 13 September 1999. Each lamp emitsabout 0.10355 tons of carbon dioxide per year.107 J. T. Roberts and P. E. Grimes, ‘World System Theoryand the Environment: Toward a New Synthesis’, in R.E. Dunlap et al. (eds), Sociological Theory and theEnvironment: Classical Foundations, ContemporaryInsights, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, 2002,p. 184.108 Due to the country’s ethnic conflict, areasof the north and east also have large off-gridpopulations (80-100 per cent). Either the grid hasbeen destroyed or the affected areas are underrebel control. In 1999-2000, the government andthe private sector were unable to undertakeinfrastructure development activities in this region.109 At the same time (1999), the country’s overall literacyrate was close to 92 per cent. Estate education isunderstaffed. In 1999, the national teacher-studentratio was 1:22, while in the plantation sector itwas 1:45.110 From a study conducted by the Plantation Housingand Social Welfare Trust.111 A. W. Little, Labouring to Learn: Towards a PoliticalEconomy of Plantations, People, and Education inSri Lanka, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1999.112 Some families already used a car battery to powertelevision sets.