On Point: the United States Army in Operation Iraqi ... - Boekje Pienter

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attalion leadership, with the USAREUR leadership, and with their local host nation contacts,”contributing to the successful force protection and counterintelligence mission. 68In support of the original plan for the 4th Infantry Division to launch from Turkey intonorthern Iraq, the 66th prepared to provide the necessary intelligence support for northernIraq. The 66th’s Analysis and Control Element (ACE) conducted detailed intelligence studiesto meet the expected 4th ID requirements while still maintaining its support to ongoingEuropean missions. Although the 4th ID ultimately entered the theater through Kuwait underCENTCOM’s control, the 66th and EUCOM intelligence posture continued to support theJSOTF-North and 173rd operations along the “Green Line,” the semi-permanent de factoborder between the Kurdish Autonomous Zone in northeastern Iraq and the areas under theBa’athist regime’s control. 69Additionally, at the joint level, EUCOM brought its intelligence capabilities to bear. TheJoint Analysis Center (JAC), under the direction of Colonel Sharon Mack and coordinatedby Major Matthew Glunz, established a 24-hour watch capability to provide intelligenceand targeting support to forces in and around Iraq. 70 Further, to ensure the steady flow ofrequirements and intelligence, the JAC provided liaison officers to the various units operatingin the region. These liaison officers were selected based on their experience, education, andability to provide the most value-added to supported units. 71V CorpsV Corps’ 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, commanded by Colonel Gary Parrish,aggressively laid the groundwork to provide intelligence to Lieutenant General Wallace andthe soldiers of the corps. Normally a three-battalion unit, the 205th grew to seven battalions,including several reserve intelligence units from Utah and California. As the brigade worked todeploy its organic battalions, it integrated these additional units. 72In the late summer, the brigade started cycling its long-range surveillance teams into thetheater to train and acclimate soldiers to the environment. Normally trained in the western andcentral European woodlands and fields, the soldiers found that the desert environment posed anentirely different set of challenges. Trained to infiltrate deep into hostile territory and maintain24-hour coverage of a targeted area without being detected, the soldiers had to adjust to thetemperature, terrain, soil, and cultural differences between Europe and Iraq. Five months ofcycling units through the theater went far to improve their readiness. 73Similarly, the tactical human intelligence collection teams and linguists started rotating intothe theater in late fall 2002. Organized into highly flexible four-soldier teams, these intelligencecollectors developed the familiarity necessary to support the force protection requirements forthe corps. Moreover, they honed language skills and conducted mission-specific training toprepare for the possibility of a campaign in Iraq. 74Additionally, the brigade deployed its specialized, advanced imagery systems intothe theater. Under the direction of Major Laura Potter, the brigade’s imagery systems wereintegrated into the theater architecture. Under her leadership, the Army’s exploitation of theaterand national imagery collection proved so exceptional that they were given responsibility for allin-theater imagery production. Collocated with a fighter wing, Potter’s team provided targetingfolders to pilots before they launched on close air support (CAS) missions. 75 Armed with this68
intelligence, the pilots consistently reported that they were far more effective than their lessfortunatebrethren. 76Military Police and Enemy Prisoner of War PlanningFigure 34. 18th MP Brigade headquarters, Baghdad18th Military Police BrigadeOne of the coalition’s fundamentalassumptions was that the Iraqi militarywould not resist. Indeed, most strategicintelligence assessments predictedlarge-scale surrenders and capitulationson the order of those experienced duringDESERT STORM. 77 This assumptionwas central to the decision to limit theamount of combat power deployed intothe theater and played a significant rolein the development of the CFLCC’scampaign plan. Given the anticipatednumbers of enemy prisoners of war(EPWs), CFLCC required a robustmilitary police capability. Moreover,as the combat forces moved north,Lieutenant Generals McKiernan andWallace appreciated the need formilitary police to help stabilize theliberated territories. Clearly, militarypolice would be critical in the campaign,both in Phase III and IV.CFLCC EPW Capture Rate EstimateIraqi Unit Operational Ready RatesRegular Army Infantry Units = 65% Ready RateRegular Army Mechanized Units= 75% Ready RateRegular Army Armor Units= 80% Ready RateRepublican Guard Units= 90% Ready RateSpecial Republican Guard Units= 90% Ready RateProjected Capture Rates50% of Regular Army Units20% of Republican Guard Units10% of Special Republican Guard UnitsEstimates of EPWs by Iraqi Defensive StrategyIraqi Units in Positional Defense In Depth49,000 to 57,000Iraqi Units in Urban-Centric Defense31,000 to 35,000Early Regime Collapse16,000 to 18,200CFLCC EPW Methodology Briefing,CFLCC G2 plans69
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The United States Army inOperation
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The Library of Congress Cataloging-
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PrefaceOn Point is a study of Opera
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AcknowledgementsHistorians prefer t
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called him unkind names and questio
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Table of ContentsForeword..........
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Figure 78. 101st Airborne Division
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Table of Call Out BoxesThe SIPRNET
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The 8 April Counterattack .........
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Saddam Hussein and the Ba’athists
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Army special operations soldiers, a
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• Information and Knowledge. The
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successful battles and engagements
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timelines at the beginning of each
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Chapter 1Operation DESERT STORM to
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combat. The US Army’s AirLand Bat
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The domestic political landscape in
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was to experiment to anticipate cha
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The authors also attempted to accou
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The SIPRNET RevolutionIn addition t
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efore World War I. 16 The extended
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commanders to consider the battlesp
Page 57 and 58: presence is not possible. Moreover,
Page 59 and 60: • The Air Force’s C-17 Globemas
Page 61 and 62: GAO Report. Military Transformation
Page 63 and 64: On 20 September 2001, President Geo
Page 65 and 66: All of these efforts led to a sweep
Page 67 and 68: NOTES1. General Frederick M. Franks
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2Prepare, Mobilize, and Dep
Page 71 and 72: joint organizations played central
Page 73 and 74: Figure 10. Key coalition camps and
Page 75 and 76: CLCC LOG and Title 10 PowerPoint pr
Page 77: Figure 17. Tern delivers Army water
Page 80 and 81: Pre-positioned EquipmentIn Europe d
Page 82 and 83: allies in the region in providing s
Page 84 and 85: organization to leverage joint inte
Page 86 and 87: surprise but allowed a gradual buil
Page 88 and 89: Figure 24. V Corps objectivesin any
Page 90 and 91: that supported them, while denying
Page 92 and 93: Webster and Spider Marks. Marine Br
Page 94 and 95: V Corps Command Brief, 15 July 2003
Page 96 and 97: V Corps Command Brief, 15 July 2003
Page 98 and 99: completing its work in February. BC
Page 100 and 101: Figure 32. Soldiers posing with a D
Page 102 and 103: Figure 33. V Corps assault command
Page 104 and 105: ight thing to do. More than 6,200 s
Page 106 and 107: defense coordinator (TAAMCOORD), an
Page 110 and 111: The 18th MP Brigade, stationed in M
Page 112 and 113: and environment of Iraq. They condu
Page 114 and 115: proper mix of combat, CS, and CSS u
Page 116 and 117: Given all that can go wrong, the pe
Page 118 and 119: Jeremiah Johnson, Combat CameraFigu
Page 120 and 121: opportunities such as a sudden coll
Page 122 and 123: 27. Major General Robert Blackman,
Page 124 and 125: 80. Lieutenant Colonel John Huey, p
Page 126 and 127: Summary of EventsSaddam Hussein and
Page 128 and 129: • Breaching the berm at the borde
Page 130 and 131: humanitarian assistance supplies, w
Page 132 and 133: Intelligence Supporting Operational
Page 134 and 135: Moving the start of the ground camp
Page 136 and 137: Figure 42. PSYOP leaflets distribut
Page 138 and 139: Igor Paustovski, Combat CameraFigur
Page 140 and 141: Figure 45. Comparison of Iraqi grou
Page 142 and 143: to secure the first two primary obj
Page 144 and 145: Crossing The BermThey are coming to
Page 146 and 147: Figure 50. 3rd ID border breach sch
Page 148 and 149: covering forces rapidly and simulta
Page 150 and 151: After the aborted mission, morale s
Page 152 and 153: act of passing the change of route
Page 154 and 155: Figure 54. RRP EXXON and FARP SHELL
Page 156 and 157: Air Base (An Nasiriyah), seize the
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Figure 58. The 3rd BCT scheme of ma
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also captured more than 200 EPWs, i
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Figure 61. Division Central Collect
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Figure 63. Distance from Objective
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Figure 67. Routes of march north to
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Staff Sergeant Dillard Johnson, 1st
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did not see me and began to fire on
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At 1430 on 23 March, 3rd BCT took c
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During the fighting at As Samawah,
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24. Chief Warrant Officer 2 Jay Deh
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FLOYD, Johnson’s platoon fought y
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Army Spec. Joshua Earl,a military p
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April 1, 2003, black smoke rises fr
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US Army photoSgt. 1st Class Anothon
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Chapter 4The March Up-CountryI don
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Figure 74. March up-country sequenc
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working in the LSA and units moving
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Colonel Melvin Frazier, who command
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101st Abn Div AARFigure 78. 101st A
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Courtesy of V CorpsFigure 80. 3rd I
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All of the estimates accurately ass
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decided to break his convoy into tw
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Figure 86. The 507th route of movem
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Figure 87. The 507th Maintenance Co
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With 3rd BCT, 3rd ID securing the l
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However, employing LRS is not a Lon
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the attack on Baghdad. Practically
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Marcone and Grimsley justifiably ex
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Figure 92. Ambush Alley—officiall
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advantage in fighting in the dark.
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Robert Woodward, US ArmyFigure 93.
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Figure 95. Chemical soldiers from t
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all of them. From a broader perspec
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While never perfect, the Army and e
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Figure 96. 11th AHR attack scheme f
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Still, the regiment planned routes
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Moreover, with less than half of th
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Figure 99. Apache attack helicopter
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her husband had been shot and was i
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AdaptationsFollowing the attack, Ar
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PlanningThe planned 101st attack ag
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The 2-101st intended to attack the
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Figure 107. 3rd ID’s scheme to en
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followed. The third tank, Lieutenan
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the division elected to block the e
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3-73-7CAVCAVFightingFightingininAnA
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Figure 112. Relief in place of 3-7
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enemy as they had at As Samawah. Ar
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Figure 114. Lieutenant General Wall
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airborne assault, the units had beg
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From 29-30 March, the 82nd conducte
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Company at Checkpoint Charlie, subo
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towns during the five simultaneous
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Figure 124. PSYOP leaflets to minim
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The 173rd’s combat capability als
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moment. The ground had been plowed
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The brigade also jumped with a high
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Figure 129. TF 1-63 AR Abrams tank
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NOTES1. Captain Michael Matthews, O
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59. Colonel Rodney Mallette, MTMC,
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133. Oliver.134. Marcone.135. Ibid.
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202. Colonel Blair Ross, A Transfor
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to Baghdad in the east, and the I M
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Figure 133. Objectives in the vicin
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crossed a river or entered the maze
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three brigade combat teams, 1st BCT
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paid off in spades. ThroughoutI’v
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Figure 135. Enemy disposition in th
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ack toward Baghdad, and began condu
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Figure 140. Sample district council
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virtually every type of mission pos
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Lieutenant General Wallace on theFi
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Figure 144. Objective MURRAYabout I
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Figure 145. Enemy and friendly disp
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The Approach: Isolating An NajafAft
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130th Engineer BrigadeFigure 149. E
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When his battalion attacked into to
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The FeintAt 0600, the Thunderbolts
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on the way to Al Hillah. Accordingl
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that the adversary seldom behaves a
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learned from the 3rd ID, SOF troops
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The protracted fighting in As Samaw
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Figure 156. The scheme for the isol
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Launching the AttackHaving rearmed
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IN and the tactical command post—
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Electronic attacks against enemy co
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Figure 164. TF 3-69 AR attacks to s
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The Smoke Mission at Objective PEAC
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Figure 166. 2nd BCT attacks to Obje
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Figure 168. Iraqi tank burning in t
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Accelerating the AttackDuring this
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The ApproachTrue to his word, Grims
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V CorpsFigure 171. Civilian aircraf
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First Lieutenant Mark Schenck, writ
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Essayons: Sergeant First Class Paul
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to one of the road craters at appro
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Figure 177. Platoon leaders of Apac
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Figure 179. The 3rd BCT Objectives
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TF 2-69 Armor, the brigade’s main
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Sanderson led from the front near t
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caught fire and ammunition began to
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NOTES1. Anthony H. Cordesman, The I
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61. Ibid. 2-70 AR; and Lieutenant C
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131. 2nd BCT, 3rd ID, 3. See also L
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Chapter 6Regime Collapse“There ar
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Figure 184. Attack to BaghdadBaghda
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Actions ElsewhereAs the corps’ an
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While some soldiers worked to help
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[of Saddam Hussein] were located. T
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These soldiers collect and process
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As the situation developed during t
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Despite the relative ease of their
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Mason Lowery, US ArmyFigure 190. TF
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Thunder Run of 7 AprilTask: Attack
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warrant. 40 If conditions wereGoing
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they came upon them, passing them o
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Figure 195. TF 1-64 AR movement int
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Figure 197. The 2nd BCT disposition
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dazed. The explosion and fires prod
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Specialist Gates took it it and ran
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Task OrganizationOn the evening bef
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LARRY, and Gator would secure the n
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The Pros from Dover—Special Force
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About the same time as Johnson move
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Rage faced dismounted Republican Gu
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Firing on all Cylinders— —Engin
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Figure 206. The Iraqi counterattack
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Figure 207. The Iraqi counterattack
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Silver Star RecommendationSpecialis
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NOTES1. Anthony H. Cordesman, The I
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Post). This information comes from
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Chapter 7ImplicationsSoldiers, sail
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OIF demonstrated that the COE is no
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from the War in Iraq.” The Russia
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Bank and Gaza provided grist for Ar
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Although urban operations in OIF pr
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Fort Irwin “replicated” the ene
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level did have satellite communicat
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The evidence of OIF does not compel
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Of course, building a doctrine and
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also find ways to achieve interdepe
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Special Forces in ActionOn 20 20 Ap
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Liaison between Army special forces
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Simply stated, operational maneuver
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petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL
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Logistics SuccessesThere are some g
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Following the incident, the Army la
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Grouping so many capabilities in th
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The efficacy of net-enabled means t
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Information OperationsOperation OIF
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There are some obvious OIF implicat
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Most tactical unit commanders claim
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NOTES1. JFCOM and TRADOC are moving
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Chapter 8TransitionPeace enforcemen
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On Point has not been able to deliv
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I Guess I Made an ImpressionThis fi
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him the opportunity to honor his cl
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NOTES1. General Peter J. Schoomaker
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DESERT STORM as commander of VII Co
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Combined Forces Land Component Comm
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Facilities Engineer Team410th Milit
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244th Theater Aviation Brigade (OPC
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Facilities Engineer Detachment BFor
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Detachment/Marine Light Attack Heli
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Detachment/Marine Aerial Refueler/T
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4th Light Armored Recon Battalion (
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10th Logistics Planning Augmentatio
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315th Tactical PSYOP CoTactical PSY
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Shadow Tactical Unmanned Aerial Veh
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1st Brigade, 4th Infantry DivisionH
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Tactical PSYOP Team 221/362nd Tacti
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Control Ground Station Team 5/5/D/3
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Ground Surveillance Systems Platoon
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Eagle-Intel/Analysis and Control El
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A/326th Engineer BattalionTeam 1/27
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Elements/4th Air Support Operations
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864th Engineer Battalion (-) (Comba
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HHC (-)/22nd Signal Bde17th Signal
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51st Movement Control Detachment (D
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HHC/418th Quartermaster Bn59th Quar
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507th Medical Co (Air Ambulance) (A
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AMC Logistics Support Element FWD -
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381st Military Police Detachment (E
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513th Transportation Co (Medium Tru
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249th Quartermaster Co (Repair Part
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946th Transportation Co (Medium Tru
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Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 2
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Glossary A2C2AAAAAMDCAASLTABC-BLABC
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C1C2C2C2XC2PCC3C4C4ISRC5C6CACACOMCA
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EUCOMEXORDF/AFAFAIOFARPFBCB2FIFFIST
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JLOTSJOEJOPESJRACJRTCJSOTFJSOTF-NOR
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OBJODAODSOEFOHOIFOIF-SGO/OOOTWOPCON
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SOCCESOCCENTSOCOMSOFSOPSPSPACECOMSP
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BibliographyInterviews, Discussions
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Group InterviewsInterview with CFLC
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Dilanian, Ken. “Airborne Jumps In
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Joint Publication 4-01.8. Joint Tac
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• 335th Theater Signal Command•
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Lieutenant Colonel David Kolleda.
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103 Military Intelligence Battalion
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603rd Aviation Support Battalion ·
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General, USMC, Chief of Staff, CFLC
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Davis, Wilbur, Staff Sergeant, USA,
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Operations Officer, National Ground
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219, 223, 243, 278, 296, 314, 331,
Page 590 and 591:
198, 284, 315Objective RAMS · 102,
Page 592 and 593:
427, 430, 518Schwartz, Eric ‘Rick
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USS Higgins, Aegis Destroyer · 65,
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The United Strates Army in Opera
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