On Point: the United States Army in Operation Iraqi ... - Boekje Pienter

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crossed a river or entered the mazes of irrigation ditches and soft agricultural land along theEuphrates River valley. Attacking through the Karbala Gap also avoided the urban sprawl inthe Euphrates Valley; the lake afforded protection of the corps’ left flank, and once north of thegap, maneuver space opened to the west. To describe the Karbala Gap as “relatively open” doesinjustice to the problem of attacking through the gap. Colonel Will Grimsley, commanding 1stBrigade, 3rd ID, elucidated the conditions in the gap as follows: “We prepared for Karbala ofcourse to be the end all, the chemical target from hell with a choke point 1,800 meters wide,which it is ... if you look at a map … when you take the city [Karbala], when you look at a 1:50,000 map, and you go all the way to the lake [Milh], what you quickly realize is that this is allagricultural land. It is very chopped up with rock quarries, and there are really only two or threelittle roads that lead through the Karbala Gap and across the irrigation canal that runs from thelake and feeds into the farmland, as well as the city water for Karbala. What that connects youdown into is a one thousand, eight hundred-meter gap with two roads that you can cross … ahuge mobility challenge.” 5This natural chokepoint, further cluttered by irrigated farm fields, offered obviousadvantages to the defenders, having all of the attributes of a classic engagement area. That is tosay the Karbala Gap afforded good fields of fire to the defenders and limited maneuver spaceand few exits for the attackers. Here, the Iraqis could bottle up the 3rd ID and destroy it witha combination of artillery, tank, and antitank missile fire. Moreover, intelligence had assessedthe gap at Karbala as the start of the “Red Zone,” the area where coalition forces expected theBa’athist regime to employ chemical weapons in a last desperate bid to protect its seat of power.For all of these reasons, Lieutenant General Wallace and his staff paid particular attentionto creating an environment that would ensure the 3rd ID could maneuver safely through thegap. Establishing this environment, or in Army parlance—setting conditions—included aseries of feints and the five simultaneous attacks. All were linked to a deliberate deep strikeand air interdiction efforts. Wallace intended the feints to draw the Iraqis into believing thecorps would actually push across the Euphrates River south of Karbala and approach Baghdadfrom due south, adjacent to the advancing marines. He believed this would cause the Iraqis toreposition their well-camouflaged forces to meet the expected threat, and thereby be vulnerableto air strikes and deep fires as they moved. The resulting destruction of the exposed Iraqi forceswould clear the Karbala Gap of a significant artillery threat and much of its armored forces,allowing the 3rd ID to defeat the remnants of the defending Medina Division on its own terms.Isolating BaghdadOnce through the Karbala Gap, V Corps would prepare for the final phase of groundcombat—the isolation of Baghdad and attacks into the city designed to remove SaddamHussein and the Ba’athist regime. The plan required effecting control of Baghdad; but V Corps,I MEF, and CFLCC hoped to avoid a house-by-house, block-by-block reduction of the defensesin the city.The original plan envisaged the corps and the MEF advancing more or less abreast, with4th ID attacking from the north to isolate Baghdad. The soldiers and marines would concentrateon the city and establish an inner cordon. Never intended to be a hermetic seal, this cordonwould rather consist of five brigade-size operating bases placed on key terrain encircling thecity and cutting the major roads in and out.246
The The Threat Threat at at Karbala KarbalaFrom:From:D101D101ACEACECHIEFCHIEFSent:Sent:Sunday,Sunday,MarchMarch23,23,2003200312:3312:33PMPMTo:To:101ABN101ABNG2G2LNOLNOCc:Cc:D101D101DMDMG2;G2;D101D101DMDMG2G2PLEX;PLEX;D101D101ACEACEBATTLEBATTLECaptain;Captain;D101D101ACEACE PRODUCTION;PRODUCTION;D101D101ACEACEFAIO;FAIO;D101D101ACEACECM&DCM&DSubject:Subject:RE:RE:101101SpecialSpecialProductProductImportance:Importance:HighHighWe’veWe’veseenseen aBTRYBTRYfromfromthethe124th124th(2nd(2ndAR)AR)andandthethe132nd132nd(14th(14thMECH)MECH)repositionrepositiontotoformformananadadhochocartilleryartillerygroupgroupnorthnorthofofKarbala.Karbala.WithWiththetheadvanceadvanceofof3rd3rdIDIDnorthnorthofofAnAnNajaf,Najaf,wewethinkthinkthetheMedinaMedinaisisgoinggoingtotorepositionrepositionupuptoto aMECHMECHBNBN(+)(+)forceforcetotohelphelpdefenddefendthethegap.gap.AlAlQudsQudsandand[Saddam[SaddamFedayeen]Fedayeen]willwilllikelylikelymanmanthethedefensivedefensivepositionpositionwewesawsawininthethe[deleted][deleted]assessmentassessmentsouthsouthofofthethetown.town.ThisThisartilleryartillerygroupgroupwillwillprovideprovideDSDSfiresfirestotodisruptdisrupt3rd3rdIDIDasasititapproachesapproachesthethegap.gap.WhatWhatwe’rewe’remissingmissingisisthetheMRLS.MRLS.WeWethinkthinkthethegapgapisis arocketrocketbox—andbox—andasassoonsoonasas3rd3rdIDIDgetsgetsintointothethegapgapthey’llthey’llclosecloseit,it,initiateinitiaterocketrocketfire,fire,thenthendestroydestroyremainingremainingvehiclesvehiclesininthethekillkillzonezonewithwithflankflankfiresfiresfromfromthethecitycity(RPG-7,(RPG-7,AT-3,AT-3,etc.).etc.).TheTheMECHMECHBNBN(I(Isaysayplusplusbecausebecause a . . .cablecablethisthismorningmorninghadhad acompanycompanyofoftankstanksbackbackononthethewestwestsidesideofofthetheriverriveratatMussiyab,Mussiyab,thereforethereforewewethinkthinktasktaskorganizedorganizedforce)force)servesservesbothbothasas ablockingblockingforceforcewithwithcounterattackcounterattackcapability.capability.BelieveBelievethetherestrestofofthethebrigadebrigaderemainsremains[in[inthethevicinityvicinityof]of]MussiyabMussiyabtotosecuresecurethetheHighwayHighway 9Bridge,Bridge,thenthentotofallfallbackbacktotopreparedprepareddefensivedefensivepositionspositionsatatIskandariyah.Iskandariyah.BestBestrouterouteforfor3rd3rdID;ID;therefore,therefore,isistotogogoeasteastofofthetheKarbalaKarbalaGap.*Gap.*ARARcolumncolumnengagingengaging3rd3rdIDIDnownowininthethevicinityvicinityofofObjectiveObjectiveRAIDERRAIDERisislikelylikelyananadvanceadvanceguard/guard/screenscreenlinelinefromfromthethe[Iraqi][Iraqi]2nd2ndARARBrigade.Brigade. Ihaven’thaven’theardheardanyanyreportingreportingofofBRDMsBRDMsassociatedassociatedwithwiththetheRECONRECONcompany;company;therefore,therefore, Iassumeassumethisthisisisananarmorarmorunit.unit.NoNocommscommswithwith3rd3rdID,ID,wouldwouldbebeinterestinginterestingtotogetgettheirtheirassessmentassessmentandandmakemakesuresuretheytheyhavehavethisthisinfo.info.TheThe3rd3rdIDID[liaison[liaisonofficer]officer]ininourourTOCTOCdoesdoesnotnothavehavecomms.comms.Also,Also,we’rewe’reininthetheREDREDZONEZONEasasweweapproachapproachKarbala.Karbala.ThisThisisisthethetriggertriggerforforchemicalchemicalreleaserelease(according(accordingtotoIntelligenceIntelligenceestimates).estimates).AdditionalAdditionalreportingreportingofofchemicalchemicalreleasereleaseauthorityauthoritytotoregionalregionalcommanders,commanders,coupledcoupledwithwithchemicalchemicaldefensedefensetrainingtrainingandandsuppliessupplies[corroborates][corroborates]thisthisassessment.assessment.Email from 101st Airborne DivisionEmail from 101st Airborne DivisionAnalysis and Control Element chiefAnalysis and Control Element chief*Editor*EditorNote:Note:AuthorAuthorwaswasapparentlyapparentlyunawareunawareofofcorpscorpsplanplantotomitigatemitigatethethethreat.threat.Named after the planner’s favorite National Football League teams, the operating basesat Objectives SAINTS, LIONS, BEARS, TEXANS, and RAVENS would position the corpsto execute the final stage of the fight for Baghdad. The final battle for Baghdad would be asequence of raids and limited-objective attacks to control, neutralize, or destroy the regime’ssymbolic and physical levers of power. Presumably, this could be done without a step-bystepreduction of the city, avoiding a slugfest that would produce large numbers of dead andwounded fighters and civilians.Attacking through the Karbala Gap, V Corps planned to seize three objectives west ofthe Tigris River—LIONS, SAINTS, and BEARS. The 3rd ID assigned these objectives to its247
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The United States Army inOperation
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The Library of Congress Cataloging-
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PrefaceOn Point is a study of Opera
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AcknowledgementsHistorians prefer t
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called him unkind names and questio
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Table of ContentsForeword..........
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Figure 78. 101st Airborne Division
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Figure 147. 101st Airborne Division
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Table of Call Out BoxesThe SIPRNET
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The 8 April Counterattack .........
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Saddam Hussein and the Ba’athists
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Army special operations soldiers, a
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• Information and Knowledge. The
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successful battles and engagements
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timelines at the beginning of each
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Chapter 1Operation DESERT STORM to
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combat. The US Army’s AirLand Bat
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The domestic political landscape in
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was to experiment to anticipate cha
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The authors also attempted to accou
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The SIPRNET RevolutionIn addition t
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efore World War I. 16 The extended
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commanders to consider the battlesp
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presence is not possible. Moreover,
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• The Air Force’s C-17 Globemas
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GAO Report. Military Transformation
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On 20 September 2001, President Geo
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All of these efforts led to a sweep
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NOTES1. General Frederick M. Franks
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Chapter 2Prepare, Mobilize, and Dep
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joint organizations played central
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Figure 10. Key coalition camps and
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CLCC LOG and Title 10 PowerPoint pr
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Figure 17. Tern delivers Army water
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Pre-positioned EquipmentIn Europe d
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allies in the region in providing s
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organization to leverage joint inte
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surprise but allowed a gradual buil
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Figure 24. V Corps objectivesin any
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that supported them, while denying
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Webster and Spider Marks. Marine Br
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V Corps Command Brief, 15 July 2003
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V Corps Command Brief, 15 July 2003
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completing its work in February. BC
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Figure 32. Soldiers posing with a D
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Figure 33. V Corps assault command
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ight thing to do. More than 6,200 s
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defense coordinator (TAAMCOORD), an
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attalion leadership, with the USARE
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The 18th MP Brigade, stationed in M
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and environment of Iraq. They condu
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proper mix of combat, CS, and CSS u
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Given all that can go wrong, the pe
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Jeremiah Johnson, Combat CameraFigu
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opportunities such as a sudden coll
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27. Major General Robert Blackman,
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80. Lieutenant Colonel John Huey, p
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Summary of EventsSaddam Hussein and
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• Breaching the berm at the borde
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humanitarian assistance supplies, w
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Intelligence Supporting Operational
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Moving the start of the ground camp
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Figure 42. PSYOP leaflets distribut
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Igor Paustovski, Combat CameraFigur
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Figure 45. Comparison of Iraqi grou
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to secure the first two primary obj
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Crossing The BermThey are coming to
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Figure 50. 3rd ID border breach sch
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covering forces rapidly and simulta
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After the aborted mission, morale s
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act of passing the change of route
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Figure 54. RRP EXXON and FARP SHELL
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Air Base (An Nasiriyah), seize the
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Figure 58. The 3rd BCT scheme of ma
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also captured more than 200 EPWs, i
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Figure 61. Division Central Collect
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Figure 63. Distance from Objective
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Figure 67. Routes of march north to
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Staff Sergeant Dillard Johnson, 1st
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did not see me and began to fire on
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At 1430 on 23 March, 3rd BCT took c
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During the fighting at As Samawah,
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24. Chief Warrant Officer 2 Jay Deh
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FLOYD, Johnson’s platoon fought y
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Army Spec. Joshua Earl,a military p
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April 1, 2003, black smoke rises fr
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US Army photoSgt. 1st Class Anothon
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Chapter 4The March Up-CountryI don
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Figure 74. March up-country sequenc
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working in the LSA and units moving
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Colonel Melvin Frazier, who command
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101st Abn Div AARFigure 78. 101st A
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Courtesy of V CorpsFigure 80. 3rd I
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All of the estimates accurately ass
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decided to break his convoy into tw
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Figure 86. The 507th route of movem
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Figure 87. The 507th Maintenance Co
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With 3rd BCT, 3rd ID securing the l
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However, employing LRS is not a Lon
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the attack on Baghdad. Practically
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Marcone and Grimsley justifiably ex
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Figure 92. Ambush Alley—officiall
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advantage in fighting in the dark.
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Robert Woodward, US ArmyFigure 93.
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Figure 95. Chemical soldiers from t
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all of them. From a broader perspec
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While never perfect, the Army and e
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Figure 96. 11th AHR attack scheme f
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Still, the regiment planned routes
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Moreover, with less than half of th
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Figure 99. Apache attack helicopter
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her husband had been shot and was i
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AdaptationsFollowing the attack, Ar
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PlanningThe planned 101st attack ag
Page 251 and 252: The 2-101st intended to attack the
Page 253 and 254: Figure 104. 101st Airborne Division
Page 255 and 256: Figure 107. 3rd ID’s scheme to en
Page 257 and 258: followed. The third tank, Lieutenan
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Page 261 and 262: 3-73-7CAVCAVFightingFightingininAnA
Page 263 and 264: Figure 112. Relief in place of 3-7
Page 265 and 266: enemy as they had at As Samawah. Ar
Page 267 and 268: Figure 114. Lieutenant General Wall
Page 269 and 270: airborne assault, the units had beg
Page 271 and 272: From 29-30 March, the 82nd conducte
Page 275 and 276: Company at Checkpoint Charlie, subo
Page 277 and 278: towns during the five simultaneous
Page 279 and 280: Figure 124. PSYOP leaflets to minim
Page 281 and 282: The 173rd’s combat capability als
Page 283 and 284: moment. The ground had been plowed
Page 285 and 286: The brigade also jumped with a high
Page 287 and 288: Figure 129. TF 1-63 AR Abrams tank
Page 289 and 290: NOTES1. Captain Michael Matthews, O
Page 291 and 292: 59. Colonel Rodney Mallette, MTMC,
Page 293 and 294: 133. Oliver.134. Marcone.135. Ibid.
Page 295: 202. Colonel Blair Ross, A Transfor
Page 298 and 299: to Baghdad in the east, and the I M
Page 300 and 301: Figure 133. Objectives in the vicin
Page 304 and 305: three brigade combat teams, 1st BCT
Page 306 and 307: paid off in spades. ThroughoutI’v
Page 308 and 309: Figure 135. Enemy disposition in th
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Page 312 and 313: Figure 140. Sample district council
Page 314 and 315: virtually every type of mission pos
Page 316 and 317: Lieutenant General Wallace on theFi
Page 318 and 319: Figure 144. Objective MURRAYabout I
Page 320 and 321: Figure 145. Enemy and friendly disp
Page 322 and 323: The Approach: Isolating An NajafAft
Page 326 and 327: 130th Engineer BrigadeFigure 149. E
Page 328 and 329: When his battalion attacked into to
Page 330 and 331: The FeintAt 0600, the Thunderbolts
Page 332 and 333: on the way to Al Hillah. Accordingl
Page 334 and 335: that the adversary seldom behaves a
Page 336 and 337: learned from the 3rd ID, SOF troops
Page 338 and 339: The protracted fighting in As Samaw
Page 340 and 341: Figure 156. The scheme for the isol
Page 342 and 343: Launching the AttackHaving rearmed
Page 344 and 345: IN and the tactical command post—
Page 346 and 347: Electronic attacks against enemy co
Page 348 and 349: Figure 164. TF 3-69 AR attacks to s
Page 350 and 351: The Smoke Mission at Objective PEAC
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Figure 166. 2nd BCT attacks to Obje
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Figure 168. Iraqi tank burning in t
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Accelerating the AttackDuring this
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The ApproachTrue to his word, Grims
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V CorpsFigure 171. Civilian aircraf
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First Lieutenant Mark Schenck, writ
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Essayons: Sergeant First Class Paul
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to one of the road craters at appro
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Figure 177. Platoon leaders of Apac
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Figure 179. The 3rd BCT Objectives
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TF 2-69 Armor, the brigade’s main
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Sanderson led from the front near t
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caught fire and ammunition began to
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NOTES1. Anthony H. Cordesman, The I
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61. Ibid. 2-70 AR; and Lieutenant C
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131. 2nd BCT, 3rd ID, 3. See also L
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Chapter 6Regime Collapse“There ar
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Figure 184. Attack to BaghdadBaghda
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Actions ElsewhereAs the corps’ an
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While some soldiers worked to help
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[of Saddam Hussein] were located. T
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These soldiers collect and process
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As the situation developed during t
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Despite the relative ease of their
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Mason Lowery, US ArmyFigure 190. TF
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Thunder Run of 7 AprilTask: Attack
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warrant. 40 If conditions wereGoing
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they came upon them, passing them o
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Figure 195. TF 1-64 AR movement int
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Figure 197. The 2nd BCT disposition
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dazed. The explosion and fires prod
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Specialist Gates took it it and ran
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Task OrganizationOn the evening bef
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LARRY, and Gator would secure the n
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The Pros from Dover—Special Force
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About the same time as Johnson move
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Rage faced dismounted Republican Gu
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Firing on all Cylinders— —Engin
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Figure 206. The Iraqi counterattack
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Figure 207. The Iraqi counterattack
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Silver Star RecommendationSpecialis
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NOTES1. Anthony H. Cordesman, The I
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Post). This information comes from
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Chapter 7ImplicationsSoldiers, sail
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OIF demonstrated that the COE is no
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from the War in Iraq.” The Russia
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Bank and Gaza provided grist for Ar
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Although urban operations in OIF pr
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Fort Irwin “replicated” the ene
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level did have satellite communicat
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The evidence of OIF does not compel
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Of course, building a doctrine and
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also find ways to achieve interdepe
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Special Forces in ActionOn 20 20 Ap
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Liaison between Army special forces
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Simply stated, operational maneuver
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petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL
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Logistics SuccessesThere are some g
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Following the incident, the Army la
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Grouping so many capabilities in th
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The efficacy of net-enabled means t
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Information OperationsOperation OIF
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There are some obvious OIF implicat
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Most tactical unit commanders claim
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NOTES1. JFCOM and TRADOC are moving
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Chapter 8TransitionPeace enforcemen
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On Point has not been able to deliv
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I Guess I Made an ImpressionThis fi
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him the opportunity to honor his cl
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NOTES1. General Peter J. Schoomaker
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DESERT STORM as commander of VII Co
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Combined Forces Land Component Comm
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Facilities Engineer Team410th Milit
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244th Theater Aviation Brigade (OPC
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Facilities Engineer Detachment BFor
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Detachment/Marine Light Attack Heli
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Detachment/Marine Aerial Refueler/T
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4th Light Armored Recon Battalion (
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10th Logistics Planning Augmentatio
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315th Tactical PSYOP CoTactical PSY
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Shadow Tactical Unmanned Aerial Veh
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1st Brigade, 4th Infantry DivisionH
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Tactical PSYOP Team 221/362nd Tacti
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Control Ground Station Team 5/5/D/3
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Ground Surveillance Systems Platoon
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Eagle-Intel/Analysis and Control El
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A/326th Engineer BattalionTeam 1/27
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Elements/4th Air Support Operations
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864th Engineer Battalion (-) (Comba
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HHC (-)/22nd Signal Bde17th Signal
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51st Movement Control Detachment (D
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HHC/418th Quartermaster Bn59th Quar
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507th Medical Co (Air Ambulance) (A
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AMC Logistics Support Element FWD -
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381st Military Police Detachment (E
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513th Transportation Co (Medium Tru
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249th Quartermaster Co (Repair Part
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946th Transportation Co (Medium Tru
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Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 2
Page 553 and 554:
Glossary A2C2AAAAAMDCAASLTABC-BLABC
Page 555 and 556:
C1C2C2C2XC2PCC3C4C4ISRC5C6CACACOMCA
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EUCOMEXORDF/AFAFAIOFARPFBCB2FIFFIST
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JLOTSJOEJOPESJRACJRTCJSOTFJSOTF-NOR
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OBJODAODSOEFOHOIFOIF-SGO/OOOTWOPCON
Page 563 and 564:
SOCCESOCCENTSOCOMSOFSOPSPSPACECOMSP
Page 565 and 566:
BibliographyInterviews, Discussions
Page 567 and 568:
Group InterviewsInterview with CFLC
Page 569 and 570:
Dilanian, Ken. “Airborne Jumps In
Page 571 and 572:
Joint Publication 4-01.8. Joint Tac
Page 573 and 574:
• 335th Theater Signal Command•
Page 575:
Lieutenant Colonel David Kolleda.
Page 578 and 579:
103 Military Intelligence Battalion
Page 580 and 581:
603rd Aviation Support Battalion ·
Page 582 and 583:
General, USMC, Chief of Staff, CFLC
Page 584 and 585:
Davis, Wilbur, Staff Sergeant, USA,
Page 586 and 587:
Operations Officer, National Ground
Page 588 and 589:
219, 223, 243, 278, 296, 314, 331,
Page 590 and 591:
198, 284, 315Objective RAMS · 102,
Page 592 and 593:
427, 430, 518Schwartz, Eric ‘Rick
Page 594 and 595:
USS Higgins, Aegis Destroyer · 65,
Page 598:
The United Strates Army in Opera
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