On Point: the United States Army in Operation Iraqi ... - Boekje Pienter

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24. Chief Warrant Officer 2 Jay Dehart, commander, USAV Champagne Marne, interview by LieutenantColonel David Kolleda, June 3, 2003; and LT-1974 USAV Champagne Marne unit history (undated).25. “USCENTCOM OIF Chronology and Facts (SECRET NOFORN),” 6 May 2003.26. Colonel Michael Gearty, chief, Joint Analysis and Control element (JACE) Term Fusion Cell (JTFC),Interview by Major David Tohn, 25 May 2003; interview with Iraq Team, Forces Directorate, National GroundIntelligence Center (NGIC). It is too soon after the fighting to be entirely certain of what the Iraqis intended oreven to confirm with certainty physical locations of Iraqi units. As a result, the summary of Iraqi actions representsa combination of extant estimates made during the fighting and an analysis by the OIF-SG of such evidence. JointOperational Analysis Center Joint Forces Command is working to develop an understanding of Iraqi operations andintent, but their work is ongoing and classified, and so it cannot be cited here.27. Ibid.28. A reference to the TF Ranger Raid of 3-4 October 1993, during which 18 US soldiers were killed inintense urban fighting in Mogadishu, Somalia.29. Caches of ammunition continue to turn up in Iraq to the present day. The data cited here comes fromsummary notes by Colonel Charles Green, US Army, Retired, OIF-SG, stemming from interviews done withColonel Steve Boltz, V Corps G2; Colonel Michael Gearty, deputy C2 CFLCC; Major Chris Parker, chief of staff, 7UK Brigade; Captain Chris Medhurst-Cocksworth, G2 7 UK Brigade; and several Iraqi brigadiers and staff colonelsheld at Camp BUCCA, Iraq. Green conducted these interviews during the period 23-28 May.30. First Lieutenant Mark K. Schenck, TF 2-7 Infantry, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division(Mechanized), “Unit History, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM,” 5.31. Team Bushmaster was B Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry; Team Bulldogs was B Company, 11thEngineer Battalion (Source: Unit History of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, First Lieutenant Mark K. Schenck).32. Schenck.33. Firing units included: 1-9 FA BN (155mm), 1-10 FA (155mm), 1-41 FA (155mm), 1-39 FA (MLRS), and2-4 FA (MLRS).34. 1st Battalion, 9th Field Artillery, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, “Unit History” (undated).35. Major David A. Converse, “Psychological Operations Field Collection Team Operational Assessment,Operation IRAQI FREEDOM,” 35. Converse drew this conclusion from his review of after-action reviews, but thisis a conclusion of an OIF-SG collector and not a primary source. There is evidence that PSYOP achieved successin precluding massive destruction of the oil fields. For example, in an interview on 7 May 2003 with 50th MilitaryHistory Detachment and Major Daniel Corey, Colonel Rotkoff, deputy C2, CLFCC, reported that “IO” worked, butonly when there were “boots on the ground.” PSYOP loudspeaker teams did prove effective, but the jury is still outon the efficacy of the leaflet campaign.36. The AH-64D Apache Longbow has increased lethality due to advanced avionics, a fire control radar, andthe capability to launch fire-and-forget Hellfire missiles.37. Captain Karen Hobart, S2, and 1st Lieutenant Aaron Anderson, 11th AHR, interview by Major DavidTohn, 8 May 2003.38. Captain John Cochran, battle captain, 11th Attack Helicopter Regiment, interview by Major JamesBrashear, undated. Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Pearman, executive officer, 11th AHR, confirmed that frustration in atelephone call to Colonel Gregory Fontenot and in notes passed via facsimile on 17 December 2003. Frustration wasparticularly keen among the 2-6 CAV aviators, who felt they could have executed the mission since they had moreflying time in the desert than their colleagues.39. “Unit History, Task Force 3-15 Infantry (TF China) 2nd BCT, 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) inOperation IRAQI FREEDOM, 20 March through 1 May 2003,” 5.40. MOPP: Mission-oriented Protective Posture—determines the level of chemical protective clothing andequipment worn. In MOPP 0, soldiers carry their full equipment, but do not wear it. In MOPP 1, soldiers wear theoverpants and overshirt; MOPP 2 adds the overboots; MOPP 3 adds the mask and hood; and MOPP 4 includes thegloves, providing full protection. There is an inverse relationship between MOPP level and mission effectiveness,due to fatigue, discomfort, and bulkiness of the protective equipment. Commanders are very deliberate in balancingthe need for rapid transition to a fully protected posture against the need to remain mission-effective over time.41. The ABCS is a suite of automation tools that support maneuver, intelligence, fire support, air defense, andlogistics operations. When operating properly, they are networked together to provide a seamlessly integrated abilityto track and manage the battle. The AMDWS, or Air and Missile Defense Work Station, is the terminal that runs theAir and Missile Defense Planning and Control System, the air defense component of the ABCS.138
42. “Unit History, Task Force 3-15 Infantry,” 5 (Note: The unit history states that this missile was targeted atKuwait City, but information contained in the final report from 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command andthe accompanying overlay from the Air Missile Defense Work Station reflects an Ababil-100 missile targeted at thearea around Camp DOHA and Camp COMMANDO at approximately that time).43. Each company team was organized with a tank platoon and an engineer platoon for the mission. Themortar platoon followed Alpha Company to provide immediate indirect fire support.44. Not all were tracked vehicles. Force Heavy Metal did include some high-mobility support and sustainmentvehicles.45. Major Kevin Marcus, V Corps planner, interview by Lieutenant Colonel William Connor, US Army,Retired, 8 May 2003.46. Captain Sean Connely, 159th Aviation Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, interview by Major JamesBrashear, 21 May 2003.47. TF 3-15.48. “Operational Summary of 3rd BDE in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM”, 1. This is the unit history of 3rdBCT, 3rd ID. 3rd BCT’s history discusses the Tallil Air Base fighting in the context of Iraqi forces defending AnNasiriyah. Specifically, the history reports that Iraqi forces in the area of An Nasiriyah included the 45th and 47thBrigades east of the town, with the 23rd Brigade in the town. The brigade estimated that elements of the 21st TankRegiment, a commando battalion and Ba’ath and Fedayeen paramilitary forces might offer a moderate defense ofthe city.49. Colonel Allyn initiated the attack against Tallil Air Base with just TF 1-15 Infantry in position to assault.He was still waiting for the rest of the 3rd BCT to close into position.50. Colonel Daniel Allyn, commander, 3rd BCT, 3rd ID and multiple BCT officers, interviews by Colonel TimCherry, 13 May 2003.51. 3rd Brigade, 3rd ID, Unit History.52. Lieutenant Colonel John Charlton, commander, 1st Battalion 15th Infantry, 3rd BCT, 3rd ID, interview byLieutenant Colonel Arthur Durante, US Army, Retired, 22 August 2003.53. 3rd Brigade, 3rd ID, Unit History.54. Ibid.,1.55. SADARM is a newly fielded advanced munition that seeks out and destroys armored vehicles by attackingthrough the relatively thin and vulnerable top armor plating. 3rd BCT Operational History, 1-2.56. 3rd Brigade, 3rd ID, Unit History 2-5.57. TF 1-15 Infantry Unit History Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. See also 3rd BCT, 3rd ID and OperationHAMMER COBRA II briefing. Determining with precision when events described occurred is not possible with thedata available. Times cited are derived from comparing times in all three sources.58. Ibid. TF 1-15 IN reported destroying 6 tanks, 4 BMPs, 12 technical vehicles and killing an estimated 200enemy. The TF also captured some 250 of the enemy.59. 3rd Brigade, 3rd ID, Unit History.60. Ibid.61. “3rd Infantry Division, Task Force EPW—Tallil AB to Objectives Rams and Raiders,” undated.62. Captain Travis Jacobs, commander, 511th MP Company, interview by Captain Michael Matthews, 22 May2003.63. Major Anthony Cavallaro, S3, 800th MP Brigade, interview by Captain Michael Matthews, 1 June 2003.64. From redacted National Ground Intelligence Center reports.65. After 3-7 CAV entered As Samawah, 2nd BCT continued north to Objective RAMS, west of An Najaf.66. Lieutenant Colonel Terry Ferrell, “S2 Editorial 3-7 CAV,” and “3-7 CAV Command Briefing,” 25 May2003.67. Ibid.68. Ibid.69. Ibid.70. 3-7 CAV Unit History, and 3-7 CAV Command Briefing.71. Johnson. Events were corroborated by separate interviews with the remainder of C/3-7 CAV, to includethe troop commander. The estimated enemy KIAs for Staff Sergeant Johnson’s BIFV during this fight was 488. Theinformal estimate from the troop was that Johnson and his crew killed at least 1,000 Iraqis on 23 March. Later in themove north, Johnson engaged and destroyed 20 trucks and tallied 314 KIAs in the vicinity of An Najaf. At Objective139
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The United States Army inOperation
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The Library of Congress Cataloging-
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PrefaceOn Point is a study of Opera
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AcknowledgementsHistorians prefer t
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called him unkind names and questio
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Table of ContentsForeword..........
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Figure 78. 101st Airborne Division
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Table of Call Out BoxesThe SIPRNET
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The 8 April Counterattack .........
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Saddam Hussein and the Ba’athists
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Army special operations soldiers, a
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• Information and Knowledge. The
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successful battles and engagements
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timelines at the beginning of each
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Chapter 1Operation DESERT STORM to
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combat. The US Army’s AirLand Bat
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The domestic political landscape in
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was to experiment to anticipate cha
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The authors also attempted to accou
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The SIPRNET RevolutionIn addition t
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efore World War I. 16 The extended
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commanders to consider the battlesp
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presence is not possible. Moreover,
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• The Air Force’s C-17 Globemas
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GAO Report. Military Transformation
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On 20 September 2001, President Geo
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All of these efforts led to a sweep
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NOTES1. General Frederick M. Franks
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Chapter 2Prepare, Mobilize, and Dep
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joint organizations played central
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Figure 10. Key coalition camps and
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CLCC LOG and Title 10 PowerPoint pr
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Figure 17. Tern delivers Army water
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Pre-positioned EquipmentIn Europe d
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allies in the region in providing s
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organization to leverage joint inte
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surprise but allowed a gradual buil
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Figure 24. V Corps objectivesin any
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that supported them, while denying
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Webster and Spider Marks. Marine Br
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V Corps Command Brief, 15 July 2003
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V Corps Command Brief, 15 July 2003
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completing its work in February. BC
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Figure 32. Soldiers posing with a D
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Figure 33. V Corps assault command
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ight thing to do. More than 6,200 s
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defense coordinator (TAAMCOORD), an
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attalion leadership, with the USARE
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The 18th MP Brigade, stationed in M
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and environment of Iraq. They condu
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proper mix of combat, CS, and CSS u
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Given all that can go wrong, the pe
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Jeremiah Johnson, Combat CameraFigu
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opportunities such as a sudden coll
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27. Major General Robert Blackman,
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80. Lieutenant Colonel John Huey, p
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Summary of EventsSaddam Hussein and
Page 128 and 129: • Breaching the berm at the borde
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Page 132 and 133: Intelligence Supporting Operational
Page 134 and 135: Moving the start of the ground camp
Page 136 and 137: Figure 42. PSYOP leaflets distribut
Page 138 and 139: Igor Paustovski, Combat CameraFigur
Page 140 and 141: Figure 45. Comparison of Iraqi grou
Page 142 and 143: to secure the first two primary obj
Page 144 and 145: Crossing The BermThey are coming to
Page 146 and 147: Figure 50. 3rd ID border breach sch
Page 148 and 149: covering forces rapidly and simulta
Page 150 and 151: After the aborted mission, morale s
Page 152 and 153: act of passing the change of route
Page 154 and 155: Figure 54. RRP EXXON and FARP SHELL
Page 156 and 157: Air Base (An Nasiriyah), seize the
Page 158 and 159: Figure 58. The 3rd BCT scheme of ma
Page 160 and 161: also captured more than 200 EPWs, i
Page 162 and 163: Figure 61. Division Central Collect
Page 164 and 165: Figure 63. Distance from Objective
Page 166 and 167: Figure 67. Routes of march north to
Page 168 and 169: Staff Sergeant Dillard Johnson, 1st
Page 170 and 171: did not see me and began to fire on
Page 173 and 174: At 1430 on 23 March, 3rd BCT took c
Page 175: During the fighting at As Samawah,
Page 180: FLOYD, Johnson’s platoon fought y
Page 183 and 184: Army Spec. Joshua Earl,a military p
Page 185: April 1, 2003, black smoke rises fr
Page 193: US Army photoSgt. 1st Class Anothon
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 4The March Up-CountryI don
Page 199 and 200: Figure 74. March up-country sequenc
Page 201 and 202: working in the LSA and units moving
Page 203 and 204: Colonel Melvin Frazier, who command
Page 205 and 206: 101st Abn Div AARFigure 78. 101st A
Page 207 and 208: Courtesy of V CorpsFigure 80. 3rd I
Page 209 and 210: All of the estimates accurately ass
Page 211 and 212: decided to break his convoy into tw
Page 213 and 214: Figure 86. The 507th route of movem
Page 215 and 216: Figure 87. The 507th Maintenance Co
Page 217 and 218: With 3rd BCT, 3rd ID securing the l
Page 219 and 220: However, employing LRS is not a Lon
Page 221 and 222: the attack on Baghdad. Practically
Page 223 and 224: Marcone and Grimsley justifiably ex
Page 225 and 226: Figure 92. Ambush Alley—officiall
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Robert Woodward, US ArmyFigure 93.
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Figure 95. Chemical soldiers from t
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all of them. From a broader perspec
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While never perfect, the Army and e
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Figure 96. 11th AHR attack scheme f
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Still, the regiment planned routes
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Moreover, with less than half of th
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Figure 99. Apache attack helicopter
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her husband had been shot and was i
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AdaptationsFollowing the attack, Ar
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PlanningThe planned 101st attack ag
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The 2-101st intended to attack the
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Figure 107. 3rd ID’s scheme to en
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followed. The third tank, Lieutenan
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the division elected to block the e
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3-73-7CAVCAVFightingFightingininAnA
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Figure 112. Relief in place of 3-7
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enemy as they had at As Samawah. Ar
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Figure 114. Lieutenant General Wall
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airborne assault, the units had beg
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From 29-30 March, the 82nd conducte
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Company at Checkpoint Charlie, subo
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towns during the five simultaneous
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Figure 124. PSYOP leaflets to minim
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The 173rd’s combat capability als
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moment. The ground had been plowed
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The brigade also jumped with a high
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Figure 129. TF 1-63 AR Abrams tank
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NOTES1. Captain Michael Matthews, O
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59. Colonel Rodney Mallette, MTMC,
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133. Oliver.134. Marcone.135. Ibid.
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202. Colonel Blair Ross, A Transfor
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to Baghdad in the east, and the I M
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Figure 133. Objectives in the vicin
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crossed a river or entered the maze
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three brigade combat teams, 1st BCT
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paid off in spades. ThroughoutI’v
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Figure 135. Enemy disposition in th
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ack toward Baghdad, and began condu
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Figure 140. Sample district council
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virtually every type of mission pos
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Lieutenant General Wallace on theFi
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Figure 144. Objective MURRAYabout I
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Figure 145. Enemy and friendly disp
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The Approach: Isolating An NajafAft
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130th Engineer BrigadeFigure 149. E
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When his battalion attacked into to
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The FeintAt 0600, the Thunderbolts
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on the way to Al Hillah. Accordingl
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that the adversary seldom behaves a
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learned from the 3rd ID, SOF troops
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The protracted fighting in As Samaw
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Figure 156. The scheme for the isol
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Launching the AttackHaving rearmed
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IN and the tactical command post—
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Electronic attacks against enemy co
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Figure 164. TF 3-69 AR attacks to s
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The Smoke Mission at Objective PEAC
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Figure 166. 2nd BCT attacks to Obje
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Figure 168. Iraqi tank burning in t
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Accelerating the AttackDuring this
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The ApproachTrue to his word, Grims
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V CorpsFigure 171. Civilian aircraf
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First Lieutenant Mark Schenck, writ
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Essayons: Sergeant First Class Paul
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to one of the road craters at appro
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Figure 177. Platoon leaders of Apac
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Figure 179. The 3rd BCT Objectives
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TF 2-69 Armor, the brigade’s main
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Sanderson led from the front near t
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caught fire and ammunition began to
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NOTES1. Anthony H. Cordesman, The I
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61. Ibid. 2-70 AR; and Lieutenant C
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131. 2nd BCT, 3rd ID, 3. See also L
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Chapter 6Regime Collapse“There ar
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Figure 184. Attack to BaghdadBaghda
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Actions ElsewhereAs the corps’ an
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While some soldiers worked to help
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[of Saddam Hussein] were located. T
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These soldiers collect and process
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As the situation developed during t
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Despite the relative ease of their
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Mason Lowery, US ArmyFigure 190. TF
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Thunder Run of 7 AprilTask: Attack
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warrant. 40 If conditions wereGoing
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they came upon them, passing them o
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Figure 195. TF 1-64 AR movement int
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Figure 197. The 2nd BCT disposition
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dazed. The explosion and fires prod
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Specialist Gates took it it and ran
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Task OrganizationOn the evening bef
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LARRY, and Gator would secure the n
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The Pros from Dover—Special Force
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About the same time as Johnson move
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Rage faced dismounted Republican Gu
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Firing on all Cylinders— —Engin
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Figure 206. The Iraqi counterattack
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Figure 207. The Iraqi counterattack
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Silver Star RecommendationSpecialis
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NOTES1. Anthony H. Cordesman, The I
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Post). This information comes from
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Chapter 7ImplicationsSoldiers, sail
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OIF demonstrated that the COE is no
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from the War in Iraq.” The Russia
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Bank and Gaza provided grist for Ar
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Although urban operations in OIF pr
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Fort Irwin “replicated” the ene
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level did have satellite communicat
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The evidence of OIF does not compel
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Of course, building a doctrine and
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also find ways to achieve interdepe
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Special Forces in ActionOn 20 20 Ap
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Liaison between Army special forces
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Simply stated, operational maneuver
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petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL
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Logistics SuccessesThere are some g
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Following the incident, the Army la
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Grouping so many capabilities in th
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The efficacy of net-enabled means t
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Information OperationsOperation OIF
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There are some obvious OIF implicat
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Most tactical unit commanders claim
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NOTES1. JFCOM and TRADOC are moving
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Chapter 8TransitionPeace enforcemen
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On Point has not been able to deliv
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I Guess I Made an ImpressionThis fi
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him the opportunity to honor his cl
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NOTES1. General Peter J. Schoomaker
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DESERT STORM as commander of VII Co
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Combined Forces Land Component Comm
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Facilities Engineer Team410th Milit
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244th Theater Aviation Brigade (OPC
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Facilities Engineer Detachment BFor
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Detachment/Marine Light Attack Heli
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Detachment/Marine Aerial Refueler/T
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4th Light Armored Recon Battalion (
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10th Logistics Planning Augmentatio
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315th Tactical PSYOP CoTactical PSY
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Shadow Tactical Unmanned Aerial Veh
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1st Brigade, 4th Infantry DivisionH
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Tactical PSYOP Team 221/362nd Tacti
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Control Ground Station Team 5/5/D/3
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Ground Surveillance Systems Platoon
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Eagle-Intel/Analysis and Control El
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A/326th Engineer BattalionTeam 1/27
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Elements/4th Air Support Operations
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864th Engineer Battalion (-) (Comba
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HHC (-)/22nd Signal Bde17th Signal
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51st Movement Control Detachment (D
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HHC/418th Quartermaster Bn59th Quar
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507th Medical Co (Air Ambulance) (A
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AMC Logistics Support Element FWD -
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381st Military Police Detachment (E
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513th Transportation Co (Medium Tru
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249th Quartermaster Co (Repair Part
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946th Transportation Co (Medium Tru
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Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 2
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Glossary A2C2AAAAAMDCAASLTABC-BLABC
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C1C2C2C2XC2PCC3C4C4ISRC5C6CACACOMCA
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EUCOMEXORDF/AFAFAIOFARPFBCB2FIFFIST
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JLOTSJOEJOPESJRACJRTCJSOTFJSOTF-NOR
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OBJODAODSOEFOHOIFOIF-SGO/OOOTWOPCON
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SOCCESOCCENTSOCOMSOFSOPSPSPACECOMSP
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BibliographyInterviews, Discussions
Page 567 and 568:
Group InterviewsInterview with CFLC
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Dilanian, Ken. “Airborne Jumps In
Page 571 and 572:
Joint Publication 4-01.8. Joint Tac
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• 335th Theater Signal Command•
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Lieutenant Colonel David Kolleda.
Page 578 and 579:
103 Military Intelligence Battalion
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603rd Aviation Support Battalion ·
Page 582 and 583:
General, USMC, Chief of Staff, CFLC
Page 584 and 585:
Davis, Wilbur, Staff Sergeant, USA,
Page 586 and 587:
Operations Officer, National Ground
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219, 223, 243, 278, 296, 314, 331,
Page 590 and 591:
198, 284, 315Objective RAMS · 102,
Page 592 and 593:
427, 430, 518Schwartz, Eric ‘Rick
Page 594 and 595:
USS Higgins, Aegis Destroyer · 65,
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The United Strates Army in Opera
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