TRIPLE HELIX noms.pmd

FindingsOwnership trends reveal three distinct organizational patterns of innovation among developing Asian economies. In Indonesiaand Philippines, patents are overwhelmingly (97%-98%) industry-owned, and there are few instances of cross-Helix co-assignment.In Thailand and Malaysia, the recent period 2000-2009 has witnessed increasing share of patents from universities and PRIs(5% in Malaysia, 7% in Thailand). Cross-Helix collaborations have increased as seen in co-assignment of patents betweenindustry and PRIs and PRIs and universities. However, the quality of public sector patents remains low compared to industrypatents. Chinese patents display very different ownership trends; in the 1990s, 14% of patents were from universities and 28%were from PRIs. In the 2000s, these shares had reduced to 5% and 4% respectively, as industry innovation escalated at greatrates, reflecting state policy. However, university-industry collaboration has increased; post-2000, 30% of university patents areco-owned with industry, increasing from 10% in the 1990s. Public sector patents are also of higher quality than industrypatents.The findings show that Triple Helix frameworks in developing Asia are at different stages of maturity: very nascent in Philippinesand Indonesia, early-stage in Malaysia and Thailand, evolving in China. The findings also highlight that these economies facedifferent challenges in the catch-up process in terms of involving the two public Helices in the innovation system. These areaddressed in greater detail in the full paper, in the context of more detailed presentation of the empirical results.Madrid, October 20, 21 & 22 - 2010157