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O-133The new Industrial Property Law in Brazil and its influence on drugsinnovation in the national pharmaceutical sectorRaul SUSTER, Zea MAYERHOFF, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial - INPI., BrazilGerson ROSENBERG, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ., BrazilPierre OHAYON, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ., BrazilIn Brazil, regulatory changes and economic changes in the nineties brought about growth business strategies of pharmaceuticalcompanies operating in the country. The main changes can be mentioned: reduction of tariff protection and non-tariff barriers;stabilization of currency; flexible exchange rate policy; inflation control; creation of regulatory agency for the sector (NationalHealth Vigilance Agency - ANVISA); dismantling of price control mechanisms; promulgation of Law on Patents; introduction ofgeneric drugs and imposition of new rules for the industrial sector in order to ensure the quality of medicines commercialized inthe country.The factors governing competition in the pharmaceutical industry are several. From the point of view of markets structure fewimportant barriers for the entry of new competitors should be identified: differentiation of products by therapeutic classes andstrategies for the promotion and marketing based on brands; high investments in research and development (R&D) and verticalintegration; and, last but not least for patents. From the strategic point of view, it should be mentioned the different pricingpolicies, especially after the emergence of generic drugs, and strategies for mergers and acquisitions that have characterizedthe industry in the late 90 (QUEIROZ, 1993; SHERER, 2000; UNICAMP, 2000; HASENCLEVER, 2002).The competition in the pharmaceutical industry is mainly through product differentiation, where big drug multinationals areincreasing their spending for R&D and marketing as a way to ensure the maintenance of sales. The development of newmolecules is intended to launch new brands on the market under different types of presentations, while differentiation throughadvertising requires disclosure of the mark among medical doctor and final consumer. Therefore, the supply of drugs is relatedto the development of new substances, where the research is high risk for manufacturers. According to Schumpeter (1988, p.23), the economic system evolution, and in particular the pharmaceutical industry, is in process of continuous search forinnovation.In the United States (US), R&D spending in pharmaceutical companies increased from US$ 262 millions in 1951 to US$ 1.7billion in 1967, US$ 3.1 billions in 1980 and US$ 8 billions in 1990, at constant price level in 1990 (SCHERER In: CULYER,NEWHOUSE, 2000, p. 1307). According to DiMasi et al (2003, p. 167) the total spending for R&D in 2000 for a new drug shouldbe about US$ 802 millions, and its pre-clinical stage representing 41.8% of this amount. In 2003, the worldwide leader Pfizerspent 18% of its sales for R&D totalizing US$ 39,631 billions, and all the other companies invested in average 17.4% (SCRIP'SYEARBOOK 2005, 2005). The industrial concentration constitutes the dimension of market structure and in this way theliterature on competition in the pharmaceutical industry has received more extensive treatment and details. The intensity andeffectiveness of competition are significantly affected by the degree of concentration of suppliers in a given market (BAIN, 1968,p. 126).This paper analyzes the impacts occurred in the national drug industry, caused by the current Law on Industrial Property - LPI1996, which allowed again processes and products patenting for medicines. Thus, patent applications registered in Brazil in thepharmaceutical sector were raised by residents and non residents companies in the country, identifying the major depositors ofpatent applications in the period between 1987 and 2005. The choice of databases for the survey took into account thepossibility of statistical treatment for its results. The period considered is due to the reliability of the data, since the applicationsfiled in the country are published after 18 months of secrecy and 30 months for applications filed through the Patent CooperationTreaty (PCT). The results showed that the deposits have increased from 2404 to 21,642 after the entry of the new Patent Law.The ratio between deposits from residents and non-residents, for the period before the Law and after it, was 2% and 4%respectively. The relationship between the number of patent applications from the biggest depositors and the total depositsdecreased from 48% to 36% after the enactment of the LPI, and no Brazilian depositor appeared among them. In the periodbetween 1997 and 2005, the concentration ratio for both 4 and 8 biggest companies, after the LPI, was virtually unchanged (22%and 35%, respectively), showing no significant changes in market structure. The growing negative trade balance for medicines,from US$ 859 millions in 1997 to US$ 1.5 billion in 2005, indicates a country's dependence on medicines. The article concludesthat the modifications added to the LPI did not contribute to make domestic industry more competitive and suggestrecommendations for reducing the external dependency.Madrid, October 20, 21 & 22 - 2010244
References- BAIN, J. S. Industrial organization. 2 ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1968.- DiMASI J. A.; HANSEN R. W.; GRABOWSKI H. G. The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs.Journal of Health Economics: Netherlands, v. 22. n. 2, p. 151 - 185, Mar. 2003.- HASENCLEVER, L. (Coord.) Diagnóstico da indústria farmacêutica brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: UNESCO/FUJB/IE-UFRJ,2002. (Projeto 914BRZ58).- QUEIROZ, S. R. R. Estudo da Competitividade da Indústria Brasileira: competitividade da indústria de fármacos. Campinas:UNICAMP, 1993.- SCHERER, F. M. The pharmaceutical industry. In: CULYER, A. J.; NEWHOUSE, J. P. Handbook of health economics.Amsterdam: ELSEVIER, 2000 (Chap. 25, p. 1297-1336).- SCRIP’S 2005 YEARBOOK. 21st Ed. London: Vinita Chambore, v. 1, Feb. 2005.- SCHUMPETER, J. Teoria do desenvolvimento econômico. São Paulo: Nova Cultura, 1988.- UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS. Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. O setor saúde e o complexosaúde no Brasil. Campinas: UNICAMP/NEPP, 2000 (Caderno No 46).,Madrid, October 20, 21 & 22 - 2010245
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O-050IMPLICATION OF FIRMS’ LINKAG
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The entrepreneurial university mode
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Keywords: Local Innovation Systems
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O-056THE ROLE OF TRIPLE HELIX ORGAN
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2002.Disponível em: http://www.cas
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Both companies operate within the o
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Reference- Abe, S. (1998) “Region
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1) The strong engagement and the su
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3 Researching focusTo demonstrate t
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FindingsThe general-model shows tha
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CHESBROUGH, H.; VANHAVERBEKE, W.; W
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2.2. Reasons behind Scientific Mobi
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322.00Amita SahayaJennie Granat Tho
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7. ReferencesChudnovsky, D., Lopez,
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FindingsOwnership trends reveal thr
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O-141Strategic openness for success
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ReferencesChaminade, C. and Edquist
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• Findings,In the analysis of the
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O-026Collaborative Innovation in Tr
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Impact and ContributionThis pilot s
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ReferencesAsheim, B., Benneworth, P
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They must work on each of the next
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References:Daghfous, A., Michael, H
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Norwegian processing industry speci
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ReferencesCooke, P. and Morgan, K.
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Facilitating linkagesLester (2003)
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arely oriented explicitly to a part
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Consulting/servicingFaculty consult
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attitude and a scientific approach.
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models for conduct his/hers process
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terms of the addition of a fourth s
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Desarrollo and Global Entrepreneurs
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- Ehikhamenor, F.A., (2003). Intern
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some evidence that there might be p
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universities in the "knowledge soci
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Feldman (2006), and are not conside
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O-101HOW MUCH THE ROLE OF THE OTHER
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References:- Chesbrough, H. (2003).
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At present, government policy in Th
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O-092Increase in Effectiveness of T
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O-123 Technology Transfer Process i
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