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ST-11Technology Transfer from University to Industry in IranAlireza Khorakian, University Of Stirling, UKUma Kumar, Sprott School of Business, Carleton University, CanadaStudent workThe relationship between university and industry has a long history, especially in developed countries. The increase in industrialcompetitiveness among countries at the end of the 19th century led to the creation of technical universities that were related toindustrial needs. The main goals of these universities were to train the workforce, create situations for collaboration betweenuniversity and industries, increase the level of education, and improve the local and national economy (Halsey 1995; Mortazavi2002).In the last decade in Iran, efforts have been made to bring universities and industries together. This is evidenced by theemergence of intermediary organizations, such as liaison offices, research parks, and spin-off organizations. Universities havea strong potential for research, innovation, and internal development, but they do not understand fully how to use this potentialand implement this ability. Additionally, industry has the perception that universities deal more with theories and do not understandpractical problems.The goal of technology transfer from university to industry, a collaborative process, is to benefit both the recipient company andthe university (Daghfous and Hottenstein 1997). Although, find this benefit still is one of the main issue in this collaboration (e.g.see: Swamidass and Vulasa 2009). The various forms of technology include software, hardware, knowledge resting in people’sminds, and written documents (Gerwin et al. 1992). For the purpose of this study, we define technology transfer as a processby which the new knowledge moves from a university to a recipient organization. Only technology in the form of software andhardware will be considered for this study, as tracing the technology in people’s mind and written documents present varyinglevels of difficulty.This research focuses on the process of technology transfer from universities, as inventors of technologies, to companies, asusers of them. It examines the mechanisms of technology transfer, the methods of establishing contact, incentives and barriersto technology transfer, the criteria used for evaluating the success of technology transfer, and the role of intermediary organizations.Additionally, company size is considered as it affects barriers and incentives for technology transfer and the criteria for evaluatingsuccess. So the study will help to improve the understanding of the current process of technology transfer, while concentratingon the incentives and barriers to transferring technology from universities. The results and recommendations of the study willhelp universities and companies to improve the technology transfer process.This study is based on the sample collected from 15 companies and 3 intermediary organizations in Iran. Both quantitative andqualitative data on the technology transfer projects were collected through a combination of personal interviews and a selfcompletedquestionnaire.To ensure accuracy in the questionnaire, three professionals who were familiar with the level of knowledge and vocabulary usedin Iranian companies were consulted. In order to check and improve the accuracy of the translation, the questionnaire was thentranslated back into English and any discrepancies were verified and corrected.Quantitative questions in the questionnaire concentrated on incentives, barriers, and success criteria of the technology transferprocess. All questions were analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale. Qualitative questions inquired about the mechanisms ofestablishing contacts, intermediary organizations, and suggestions for improving the technology transfer process.The information indicate that, in addition to the initiatives taken by professors or companies to contact each other, intermediaryorganizations (including consortia and internship centres) and university units (including the liaison office and research centres)facilitate these contacts. From the perspective of companies, the major incentive for companies in transferring technology fromuniversities was improving product quality. The ignorance of faculty members in understanding practical problems and the realworld situation was a major barrier in the process of transferring technology. This problem could be solved if universities revisedtheir educational plan from theoretical to practical issues, especially in engineering. Some barriers and incentives were alsofound to be specific to the size of companies. Gaining competitive advantage over competitors was the most important criterionthat was used by companies to measure the success of transfer.Companies are more proactive than universities; in most of the cases that we studied companies initiated the contact withuniversities. University liaison offices are well positioned to play a significant role as a bridge between universities and industry.Intellectual property rights have an important role in establishing better links between university and industry and also inencouraging innovation. While the focus on commercialization increases, researchers are more concerned with protection ofresearch output than with intellectual property (Fulop and Couchman 2006). The Iranian government has joined the WorldIntellectual Property Organization, but the rules have yet to be fully implemented, especially the penalties for breaking rules.Further, individuals and organizations do not have any guarantee that protects their innovation in spite of getting a patent. Thissituation is one of the factors that may hinder technology transfer.Madrid, October 20, 21 & 22 - 2010178
References:Daghfous, A., Michael, H., 1997. University-Industry technology transfer: A learning perspective, Proceedings of the SixthAnnual International Conference on the Management of Technology (MOT 97), Goteborg, Sweden.Fulop, L. and Couchman, P., 2006. Facing up to the risks in commercially focused university-industry R&D partnerships, HigherEducation Research and Development, 25(2), 163-177.Gerwin, D., Kumar, V., Pal, S., 1992. Transfer of advanced manufacturing technology from Canadian universities to industry,Journal of Technology Transfer, 17(2), 57-67.Halsey, A. H., 1995. Decline of Donnish Dominion: the British Academic Professions in the Twentieth Century, ClarendonPress, New Ed edition, UK.Mortazavi, S. 2002. Relationship between University and Industry: Inevitable Necessity, Psychological and Educational Researchin Ferdowsi University’s magazine, Iran, 95-118.Swamidass, P. M., Vulasa, V., 2009. Why university inventions rarely produce income? Bottlenecks in university technologytransfer, Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(4), 343–363.Madrid, October 20, 21 & 22 - 2010179
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models for conduct his/hers process
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terms of the addition of a fourth s
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Desarrollo and Global Entrepreneurs
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Feldman (2006), and are not conside
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