Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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MINERAL NUTRITION OF RICE 161 3.26. Effect of pH and moisture content of synthetic soil medium on the chlorophyll content of the leaf blades of rice, especially on the difference in the effect between the varieties (Takagi 1960). 3.27. Changes in concentration of Mn ++ in the soil (Ponnamperuma 1965). 3.12.3. Characteristics of manganese nutrition A comparison between the rice plant’s requirement for manganese in solution culture and manganese concentrations in soil solution suggests that a manganese
162 FUNDAMENTALS OF RICE CROP SCIENCE deficiency is unlikely but toxicity may occur. There are several reasons, however, why manganese toxicity in lowland rice is uncommon (Tadano and Yoshida 1978): • Rice roots have a high degree of manganese-excluding power. In solution culture, the tissue manganese content increases only four fold with rice plants grown at 300 ppm Mn compared with those grown at 0.1 ppm Mn. It is 109 times for barley and 700 times for radish (Tanaka et al 1975). • Rice tolerates a high manganese content. The critical tissue content for manganese toxicity is 700 ppm for beans, 1,200 ppm for barley, and 7,000 ppm for rice (Cheng and Quallette 1971). • Compared with nitrate, ammonia has a retarding effect on manganese uptake (See Table 3.18). • A high level of iron in submerged soils may counteract an excessive manganese uptake (Ishizuka et al 1961). In many cases, a high manganese content in rice tissues is frequently associated with high yields, possibly indicating that a high manganese content in the soil is associated with various favorable soil conditions. 3.13. SULFUR 3.13.1. Occurrence of deficiency Sulfur deficiency is a common nutritional disorder in upland crops but it rarely occurs in lowland rice. Sulfur deficiency of lowland rice has been reported from Mandalay, Burma (Aiyar 1945); the Lower Amazon Basin, Brazil (Wang et al 1976a, b); and South Sulawesi, Indonesia (Mamaril et al 1979). A recent trend in the fertilizer industry to shift from ammonium sulfate to urea and from superphosphate to nonsulfur phosphatic fertilizer may induce more widespread sulfur deficiency in lowland rice. 3.13.2. Sulfate in soil solution Sulfate is reduced to sulfide in flooded soils. As a consequence, the soil sulfate concentration declines rapidly and is associated with a sulfide accumulation (Fig. 3.28). Thus, the availability of soil sulfur decreases as soil reduction proceeds (Nearpass and Clark 1960). The rate of sulfate reduction in submerged soils depends on soil properties. Concentrations as high as 1,500 ppm SO 4 2- in neutral and alkaline soils may be reduced to zero within 6 weeks of submergence (Ponnamperuma 1972). 3.13.3. Natural supply of sulfur Sources of natural sulfur are soil, irrigation water, and atmospheric precipitation. a. Soil. Soil contains sulfur in organic and inorganic forms. The A value, to assess the available sulfur in submerged soils, is highly correlated with the soil sulfur extractable with Ca (H 2 PO 4 ) 2 or KH 2 PO 4 solution (Suzuki 1978). Hence,
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FOREWORD Rice is vital to more than
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CONTENTS Foreword Preface GROWTH AN
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3.2. Adaptation to Submerged Soils
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4.5. Corrective Measures for Nutrit
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1 .1. OUTLINE OF THE LIFE HISTORY T
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE
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Page 203 and 204: 5.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 5.1.1. Photosyn
Page 205 and 206: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 197
Page 207 and 208: Photosynthetic characteristics Meas
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A traditional tall variety vs an im
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Table 7.6. An example of high yield
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REFERENCES AGRICULTURAL POLICY STUD
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Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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