Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

1.l0. Heading and Anthesis 55
1.10.1. Morphology of a spikelet 55
1.10.2. Heading 56
1.10.3. Anthesis (flowering) 56
1.11. Ripening 58
1.11.1. Ripening and senescence 58
1.11.2. Growth of single grains 58
1.11.3. Grain growth of a field crop 59
1.12. Yield and Yield Components 60
1.12.1. Yield 60
1.12.2. Harvest index and grain-straw ratio 61
1.12.3. Yield components 61
2
CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT
AND ITS INFLUENCE
2.1. Rice-Growing Regions 65
2.2. Effects of Climate 67
2.3. Temperature 69
2.3.1. Physical aspects 69
2.3.2. Critical low and high temperatures 72
2.3.3. Effects of moderate temperature on growth and yield 73
2.3.4. Air vs water temperature 76
2.3.5. Low-temperature stress 77
2.3.6. High-temperature stress 81
2.3.7. Interaction between temperature and nutrient supply 83
2.4. Solar Radiation 84
2.4.1. Physical aspects 84
2.4.2. Solar radiation requirement at different growth stages 87
2.4.3. Solar energy use 89
2.4.4. Estimation of maximum potential yields 90
2.5. Rainfall and Field Water Relationships 94
2.5.1. Transpiration and growth 94
2.5.2. Water requirements 95
2.5.3. Water gains — precipitation 95
2.5.4. Water losses: evapotranspiration and percolation plus seepage 97
2.5.5. Evapotranspiration 97
2.5.6. The concept of potential evapotranspiration 98
2.5.7. Pan evaporation 99
2.5.8. Simplified energy balance method 100
2.5.9. The Penman equation 102
2.5.10. The Thornthwaite method 103
2.5.11. The van Bavel method 104
2.5.12. Water balance 104
2.5.13. Effect of water deficit on growth and yield 107
2.5.14. Effect of water excess on growth and yield 108
2.6. Annual Productivity in Temperate Regions and the Tropics 109
3
MINERAL NUTRITION
OF RICE
3.1. Soil Submergence and Rice Nutrition 111