Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS 191 Table 4.9. Nutritional disorders of rice reported from various rice-growing countries. a Country Physiological disease Possible cause(s) Burma Amiyi-Po K deficiency Myit-Po P deficiency Yellow leaf S deficiency Ceylon Bronzing Fe toxicity Columbia Espiga erecta ? Hungary Bruzone ? India Khaira disease Zn deficiency Bronzing Fe, Mn, H 2 S toxicities Yellowing ? Indonesia Mentek Virus disease Japan Akiochi H 2 S toxicity, K, Mg, Si deficiencies Akagare I K deficiency (Fe toxicity) Akagare II Zn deficiency Akagare Ill I toxicity Aodachi ? Hideri-Aodachi ? Straighthead ? Korea Akiochi H 2 S toxicity, K, Mg, Si deficiencies? Malaysia Penyakit Merah (yellow Virus disease type) Pakistan Pansukh ? Hadda Zn deficiency Portugal Branca Cu deficiency? Taiwan Suffocating disease Virus disease United Straighthead H 2 S toxicity States Alkali disease Zn deficiency a Modified from Tanaka and Yoshida (1970). If a soil is high in active iron, especially when it is also high in easily reducible manganese, it resists the lowering of redox potential, and the iron level remains low. Such soils have a high phosphorus absorption coefficient especially when they are high in active aluminum; phosphorus deficiency therefore tends to develop. If such soils contain a large amount of organic matter, the iron content can be very high and the rice plant may suffer from both phosphorus deficiency and iron toxicity. These disorders occur on soils formed from the early stages of the laterization of basic rocks. If a soil contains a large amount of easily reducible manganese, manganese toxicity may develop. However, such cases are probably not common because the rice plant tolerates a tissue manganese content as high as 7,000 ppm. If the active iron content is not high, the soil redox potential falls quickly, the iron concentration in the soil solution rises sharply, and iron toxicity may develop.
192 FUNDAMENTALS OF RICE CROP SCIENCE Table 4.10. Classification of nutritional disorders in Asia. a Soil Soil condition Disorder Local Name Very low pH (Acid sulfate Iron toxicity soiI) Bronzing Low pH High in Low in organic Phosphorus deficiency active matter iron High in orga- Phosphorus deficiency nic matter combined with Iron toxicity High in iodine Iodine toxicity com- Akagare Type III bined with phosphorus deficiency High in manga- Manganese toxicity b nese Low in Low in potas- Iron toxicity inter- Bronzing active sium acted with potassium Akagare Type I iron and deficiency exchangeable cations Low in bases Imbalance of nutrients Akiochi and silica, associated with hydrogen with sulfate sulfide toxicity application High in cal- Phosphorus deficiency Khaira cium Iron deficiency Hadda Zinc deficiency Taya-Taya Akagare Type II High pH High in cal- Potassium deficiency cium and low associated with high in potassium calcium High in sodium a Tanaka and Yoshida (1970). b Probably rare. Salinity problem Iron deficiency Boron toxicity b Since there is a physiological interaction between iron and potassium, a low potassium content in the soil tends to aggravate iron toxicity. Under reductive conditions, sulfate is reduced to sulfide. If there is little active iron to react with the sulfide, free hydrogen sulfide may exist in the soil solution, damaging the roots and retarding nutrient uptake. As a result, the plant becomes unbalanced in nutrient content and susceptible to Helminthosporium infestation. Low nitrogen supply makes the roots more susceptible to hydrogen sulfide injury and the plants more susceptible to Helminthosporium. Potassium-deficient plants are also susceptible to Helminthosporium. A low cation exchange capacity is a causative factor in nitrogen or potassium deficiencies at later growth stages if
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FOREWORD Rice is vital to more than
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CONTENTS Foreword Preface GROWTH AN
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3.2. Adaptation to Submerged Soils
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4.5. Corrective Measures for Nutrit
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1 .1. OUTLINE OF THE LIFE HISTORY T
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE
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66 FUNDAMENTALS OF RICE CROP SCIENC
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Table 7.6. An example of high yield
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REFERENCES AGRICULTURAL POLICY STUD
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Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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