Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE 81 Table 2.8. Cold tolerance a of some japonica and indica varieties at booting stage. b Distance between the auricle of flag leaf and that of penultimate Variety Country of leaf at the most Fertility origin sensitive stage (%) (cm) Indica Leng Kwang China +10 72 Thangone Laos –3 60 C-21 Philippines 0 45 Silewah Indonesia –6 70 Pratao Brazil 0 20 Dourado A. Brazil –3 30 Japonica Somewake Japan –1 45 Sorachi Japan –7 45 Hayayuki Japan –6 60 a At 12°C for 4 days. b Satake (unpublished). 2.3.6. High-temperature stress a. Occurrences of high-temperature problems. High temperatures cause high percentages of spikelet sterility in dry season crops in Cambodia, Thailand, and India; in the first rice crop in Pakistan; and in the regular crops in Iran and tropical African countries. High percentages of spikelet sterility occur if temperatures exceed 35°C at anthesis and last for more. than 1 hour. Table 2.9. Symptoms of heat stress and varietal differences. a Growth stage Symptoms Susceptible varieties Vegetative Reproductive Anthesis White leaf tip Chlorotic bands and blotches White bands and specks Reduced tillering Reduced height White spikelets, white panicles Reduced spikelet numbers Sterility Ripening Reduced grain-filling IR26, Calrose, BKN6624-46-2 IR24, Calrose C4-63G, H4, Calrose, Pelita I/1, Basmati-370, BKN6624-46-2 TN1, IR24, IR26, H4, Fujisaka 5, C4-63C, Pelita I/1 a IRRI (1975).
82 FUNDAMENTALS OF RICE CROP SCIENCE b. Types of high-temperature injury. When rice is exposed to temperatures higher than 35°C, injuries occur according to growth stages (Table 2.9). Furthermore, clear varietal differences affect high temperature tolerance at different growth stages. A variety may be very tolerant of high temperatures at one growth stage but susceptible at another. The geographic origin of rice varieties is not related to susceptibility to heat stress. A selection from Thailand, BKN6624-46-2, is much more susceptible to high temperatures at the vegetative and anthesis stages than a Japanese variety, Fujisaka 5. When rice is grown in a heated glasshouse during winter in the temperate regions, white leaf tips, chlorotic bands and blotches, and white bands and specks often develop on the leaves. These symptoms are very similar to those caused by high temperatures during cloudy weather. c. High temperature-induced sterility. Rice is most sensitive to high temperatures at heading and next most sensitive at about 9 days before heading. One or two hours of high temperature at anthesis has a decisive effect on the incidence of sterility (Fig. 2.9). High temperatures before or after anthesis have much less effect on sterility. Clear differences exist in the tolerance of rice varieties for high temperatureinduced sterility (Fig. 2.10). At 35°C, N22, an upland rice from India, has higher than 80% spikelet fertility, whereas BKN6624-46-2, a lowland selection from Thailand, has about 10% spikelet fertility. If defined as the temperature when spikelet fertility decreases below 80%, the critical temperature is estimated from Fig. 2.10 as 36.5°C for N22, 35°C for IR747B2-6, and 32°C for BKN6624-46-2. Thus, the difference in the critical high temperatures between heat-tolerant N22 and heat-susceptible BKN6624-46-2 is more than 4°C. 2.9. Fertility of the spikelets that flowered in the hours before, during, and after high temperature treatments (Satake and Yoshida 1978).
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FOREWORD Rice is vital to more than
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CONTENTS Foreword Preface GROWTH AN
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3.2. Adaptation to Submerged Soils
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4.5. Corrective Measures for Nutrit
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1 .1. OUTLINE OF THE LIFE HISTORY T
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE
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Page 39 and 40: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE
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5.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 5.1.1. Photosyn
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 197
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Photosynthetic characteristics Meas
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A traditional tall variety vs an im
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Table 7.6. An example of high yield
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REFERENCES AGRICULTURAL POLICY STUD
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Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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