Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS 193 nitrogen or potassium fertilizers are applied only as basal dressings. Such soils also often have a low active iron content and are called degraded paddy soils. Bronzing, Akagare Type I, and Akiochi are related. All these disorders occur on sandy or silty soils low in cation exchange capacity and active iron. Small differences in soil characteristics, such as pH, organic matter, potassium content, degree of drainage resulting from physiographic changes, and varietal characters may determine the type of disorder. Calcareous soils have a pH above 7 and the availability of elements such as phosphorus, iron, and zinc is low, leading to the corresponding deficiencies. Potassium deficiency may also occur if the soil is low in this element. Soils high in sodium generally have a high pH and total soluble salts. Plants on these soils frequently suffer from a salinity problem and sometimes from iron deficiency and boron toxicity. In neutral soils, the availability of nutrients is just adequate and deficiencies or excesses of nutrients are unlikely to occur. However, if a soil is low in an essential nutrient, plants may suffer from a deficiency. On peaty soils, copper deficiency is suspected as a major nutritional problem (Driessen 1978). Copper deficiency is also suspected to cause Branca in Portugal. These two problems, however, require further clarification. In addition to inherently deficient soil environments, a shift in the fertilizer industry from ammonium sulfate to high-analysis nitrogen fertilizers and from superphosphate to concentrated phosphates appears to be triggering the increased incidence of sulfur deficiency in lowland rice.
5.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 5.1.1. Photosynthesis — a review Photosynthesis is a process by which solar energy is captured and converted into chemical energy stored in the form of carbohydrate. About 80-90% of the dry matter of green plants is derived from photosynthesis; the rest (minerals) comes from the soil. The over-all process of photosynthesis by green leaves is normally described as: However, photosynthesis can be understood in terms of three partial processes: (5.1) • Diffusion of carbon dioxide to the chloroplasts. The CO 2 in air (normally around 300 ppm or 0.03% v/v) is transported by turbulence and diffusion to the leaf stomates through which it is diffused to chloroplasts. • Photochemical reaction. The light energy is used to split water, thus producing molecular oxygen, NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and ATP (adenosine triphosphate): (5.2) • Dark reaction. The NADPH and ATP produced in the light are used to reduce CO 2 to carbohydrates and other compounds. (5.3)
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FOREWORD Rice is vital to more than
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CONTENTS Foreword Preface GROWTH AN
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3.2. Adaptation to Submerged Soils
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4.5. Corrective Measures for Nutrit
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1 .1. OUTLINE OF THE LIFE HISTORY T
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE
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66 FUNDAMENTALS OF RICE CROP SCIENC
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Page 205 and 206: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 197
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Table 7.6. An example of high yield
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REFERENCES AGRICULTURAL POLICY STUD
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Yoshida - 1981 - Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science

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