Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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perspective of the migration dynamics, rather than looking at it within broader studies would also be useful. Finally, as it is well documented that certain trans- Saharan tribes are prominent in the smuggling routes into Libya and in the south of Libya (Malakooti, 2013a; Reitano, Adal and Shaw, 2014), more research among these communities and in terms of better understanding their motivations for entering the smuggling trade, would be useful. Conclusion and ways forward There is a lack of data on smuggling and irregular migration in the region. As the region is dynamic, with numbers shifting regularly, more initiatives are required that provide rapid, regularly updated, rigorous estimates. Initiatives such as the Migrant Footprint Database and the Smuggling Monitor show promise for the bringing together of information about smuggling in the region, but for rigorous estimates to be generated on the number of irregular and smuggled migrants in the region, a methodology is required that interviews a number of key informants at a number of levels at regular and frequent intervals. For this reason, IOM Libya’s DTM exercise shows promise for developing rigorous estimates for Libya and, depending on how the pilot phase eventuates, it might be beneficial to replicate the same exercise in other countries in the region. Having said that, the majority of smuggling in the region is occurring in, to and from Libya. Thus, generating more accurate data for Libya would prove beneficial to the entire region. Once a better sense of the scope of the phenomenon in Libya is attained, it will be easier to gauge whether more data is required for the region. In terms of research, most of the previous research in the area has focused on Libya, or on European destinations on the Central Mediterranean route. More research in other countries in the region, particularly Egypt – which is probably the most dynamic after Libya – and more information about the dynamics at transit points would be beneficial. Also, in terms of smuggling routes in the region, most mapping exercises have focused on routes to Libya, routes from North Africa to Europe, and routes from other countries in the region to Libya. There is little research on the routes into the other countries in the region. Finally, more ongoing analysis of the development of smuggling networks, and the entry of new players in the smuggling market in Libya, particularly as the conflict unfolds and becomes more intertwined with migrant smuggling, 100 4. North Africa
would allow better responses to migrant smuggling, better understanding of the motivation of the smugglers and would allow for the better forecasting of future trends. More research among Saharan tribal groups who have been prominent in smuggling in the region for decades would also reveal a lot of useful information about the root causes of migrant smuggling, whether it be economic-, criminalor migration-related. References Abdel Aziz, N., P. Monzini and F. Pastore 2015 The Changing Dynamics of Cross-border Human Smuggling and Trafficking in the Mediterranean. New-Med Research Network, Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Rome. Bouteillet-Paquet, D. 2011 Smuggling of Migrants: A Global Review and Annotated Bibliography of Recent Publications. UNODC, Vienna. Collyer, M. et al. 2016 Conditions and Risks of Mixed Migration in North East Africa. North Africa Mixed Migration Taskforce (MHub), Cairo. De Abajo-Marques, V. et al (eds.) 2011 The role of organized crime in the smuggling of migrants from West Africa to the European Union. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna. European Commission, Directorate General (DG) for Migration and Home Affairs 2015 A study on smuggling of migrants: Characteristics, responses and cooperation with third countries, Final Report September 2015. European Union, DG Migration and Home Affairs, Brussels. Frankenhaeuser, M. et al. (eds.) 2015 Mapping Migration & Development in Six Regional Migration Dialogues. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna. Frouws, B. 2014 Going West: Contemporary mixed migration trends from the Horn of Africa to Libya & Europe, RMMS Mixed Migration Series 5. Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS), Nairobi. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 101
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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