Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 2016 Obstacle Course to Europe: A policy-made humanitarian crisis at EU borders. MSF, Brussels. Available from www.doctorswithoutborders. org/article/obstacle-course-europe-policy-made-humanitariancrisis-eu-borders O’Neill, M. 2011 The EU Legal Framework on Trafficking in Human Beings: Where to from here – the UK Perspective. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 7(4):452–467. Salt, J. 2000 Trafficking and Human Smuggling: A European Perspective. International Migration, 38(3):31–56, Special Issue 2000/1. Salt, J. and J. Stein 1997 Migration as a business: The case of trafficking. International Migration, 35(4):467–494. Shelley, L. 2014 Human Smuggling and Trafficking into Europe: A Comparative Perspective. Transatlantic Council on Migration, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, D.C. Staring, R. 2004 Facilitating the arrival of illegal immigrants in the Netherlands: Irregular chain migration versus smuggling chains. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 5(3):273–294. Townsend, M. 2016 10,000 refugee children are missing, says Europol. The Guardian, 30 January. Available from www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/30/ fears-for-missing-child-refugees Triandafyllidou, A. 2015 Irregular migration in the Mediterranean: four key principles for solving the crisis. Blog post, 21 April. London School of Economics and Political Science Blog. Available at http://blogs. lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/04/21/a-new-strategic-approach-isneeded-if-the-eu-is-to-solve-the-irregular-migration-crisis-in-themediterranean/ 134 5. Europe
n.d. Governing Migrant Smuggling, In: Handbook on Migration and Security (P. Bourbeau, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, United Kingdom (forthcoming). Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis 2012 Migrant Smuggling. Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Ulrich, C. 1995 Alien Smuggling and Uncontrolled Migration in Northern Europe and the Baltic Region, Heuni Paper no. 7. The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Helsinki. Available from http://heuni. fi/material/attachments/heuni/papers/6Knp7r3Db/Heuni.pdf United Nations 2004 United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Adopted by the United Nations on 15 November 2000. New York. n.d. List of signatures and ratifications to the Protocol against Smuggling. Available from https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails. aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-b&chapter=18&clang=_en United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2011 Smuggling of Migrants: A Global Review and Annotated Bibliography of Recent Publications. UNODC, Vienna. Available from www.unodc. org/documents/human-trafficking/Migrant-Smuggling/Smuggling_ of_Migrants_A_Global_Review.pdf University of Amsterdam n.d. Human Costs of Border Control. Available from www.borderdeaths. org van Liempt, I. 2007 Navigating Borders: Inside Perspectives on the Process of Human Smuggling into the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam. 2016 A Critical Insight into Europe’s Criminalisation of Human Smuggling. European Policy Analysis, Issue 2016:3pa. Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies. Available from www.sieps.se/sites/default/ files/2016_3_epa_%20eng.pdf Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 135
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
Page 98 and 99: United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113: In terms of research focused on smu
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Page 116 and 117: Global Initiative against Transnati
Page 118 and 119: Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
Page 120 and 121: of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
Page 122 and 123: (c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135: of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137: smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139: critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
Page 160 and 161: Review of data on migrant smuggling
Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
Page 166 and 167: 4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
Page 178 and 179: (though it should be noted that a c
Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
Page 186 and 187: Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
Page 190 and 191: • Number of departures from Afgha
Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
Page 194 and 195: First, serious thought needs to be
Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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