Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer at Red Elephant Research and a visiting fellow at the Department of Political and Social Change, Australian National University. His research focuses on migration, poverty and social transformation in the Global South, and South Asia in particular. He has published papers in top-ranking international journals, such as the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies and the Journal of Peasant Studies. Ramesh has a PhD from the Australian National University. Anna Triandafyllidou is a professor and director of the Cultural Pluralism Research Area at the Global Governance Programme of the European University Institute (Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies) in Florence, Italy. She is also regular visiting professor at the College of Europe in Bruges since 2002. Her latest authored books include Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe (with T. Maroukis, Routledge, 2012) and What is Europe? (with R. Gropas, Palgrave, 2015). She is the editor of the Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies (2016). Sheldon X. Zhang is a professor of sociology at San Diego State University. He has been conducting funded research on transnational human trafficking and smuggling activities for more than a decade. He has published two books on human smuggling/trafficking activities: Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations–Families, Social Networks, and Cultural Imperatives (Stanford University Press, 2008) and Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: All Roads Lead to America (Praeger, 2007). He is the editor of a special volume on human trafficking in the journal of Crime, Law, and Social Change titled “Global Perspectives on Sex Trafficking” (Vol. 56, 2011). He also co-edited (with Ron Weitzer) another special issue on human trafficking in The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Vol. 653, 2014). His research has also led to numerous publications in journals, such as Criminology, British Journal of Criminology, Crime, Law and Social Change and Global Crime. x Contributors
TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword.............................................................................................iii Contributors.........................................................................................v Report Overview..................................................................................1 Marie McAuliffe and Frank Laczko West and Central Africa......................................................................25 Jørgen Carling East Africa..........................................................................................55 Nassim Majidi and Linda Oucho North Africa........................................................................................85 Arezo Malakooti Europe..............................................................................................105 Danai Angeli and Anna Triandafyllidou Turkey..............................................................................................137 Ahmet İçduygu and Sebnem Koser Akcapar Afghanistan......................................................................................161 Nassim Majidi and Richard Danziger South Asia........................................................................................187 Dinuk Jayasuriya and Ramesh Sunam South-East Asia and Australia...........................................................211 Anne Gallagher and Marie McAuliffe North-East Asia.................................................................................243 Jiyoung Song Latin America...................................................................................269 Gabriella E. Sanchez The United States.............................................................................303 Sheldon X. Zhang Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base xi
Page 1 and 2: Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
Page 3: Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
Page 6 and 7: on migrant smuggling and irregular
Page 8 and 9: Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11: Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 15 and 16: 1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18: disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20: Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33 and 34: References commonplace than is read
Page 35 and 36: International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44: distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
Page 53 and 54: and terrorism are mentioned in the
Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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