Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 Irregular Migration in Turkey. IOM Turkey, Ankara. Available from www.turkey.iom.int/documents/IrregularMigration/IOM_ Report_11022013.pdf 2015 Turkey and International Migration (2014–2015). Unpublished report prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Expert Group on Migration. İçduygu, A. and B. Karaçay 2011 Facts, Trends and Policies on Irregular Migration Movements on the Aegean Coastline: The Case of Turkey. Unpublished report for FRA, Istanbul, Turkey. İçduygu, A. and E.F. Keyman 2000 Globalization, Security, and Migration: The Case of Turkey. Global Governance, 6(3):383–398. İçduygu, A. and Ş. Toktaş 2002 How do Smuggling and Trafficking Operate via Irregular Border Crossings in the Middle East? Evidence from Fieldwork in Turkey. International Migration, 40(6):25–54. 2005 Yurtdışından Gelenlerin Nicelik ve Niteliklerinin Tesbitinde Sorunlar [The Problems in Determining Quality and Quantity of Foreigners] (in Turkish). Unpublished report by Turkish Scientific Academy. İçduygu, A. and T. Ünalan 2002 Tides between Mediterranean Shores: Undocumented Migration in the South of Europe. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (HIPS) Working paper no.7. HIPS, Ankara, Turkey. İçduygu, A. and D. Yükseker 2012 Rethinking transit migration in Turkey: reality and re-presentation in the creation of a migratory phenomenon. Population, Space and Place, 18(4):441–456. İçli, T., H. Sever and M. Sever 2015 A Survey Study on the Profile of Human Smugglers in Turkey. Advances in Applied Sociology, 5(1):1–12. 156 6. Turkey
International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) 2015 A Study on Smuggling of Migrants: Characteristics, Responses and Cooperation with Third Countries. Case Studies 3 and 4. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/ european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/study_ on_smuggling_of_migrants_final_report_master_091115_final_ pdf.pdf International Center for Terrorism and Transnational Crime (UTSAM) 2012 Küresel Göç ve Fırsatçıları: Türkiye’de Yasadışı Göçmenler ve Göçmen Kaçakçıları [Global Migration and Its Opportunists: Illegal Migrants and Migrant Smugglers in Turkey] (in Turkish). UTSAM Report Series 18, Turkish National Police Academy, Ankara, Turkey. Available from www.madde14.org/images/f/ff/Utsamgoc2012.pdf International Organization for Migration (IOM) n.d. Missing Migrants Project website. Available from http:// missingmigrants.iom.int Jones, D. 2015 Turkey Becoming Major Hub for Human Smuggling. 9 January. Voice of America. Available from www.voanews.com/content/turkeybecoming-major-hub-for-human-smuggling/2591811.html Kahya, Y. 2012 Sınıraşan organize suç tipi olarak göçmen kaçakçılığı: Türkiye’deki kaçakçılık profili ve organizasyonları [Migrant Smuggling as Transnational Organized Crime: The profiles and organizations of Smugglers in Turkey] (in Turkish). Turkish National Police Academy, The Institute on Security Sciences, Department on Security Strategies and Management, Ankara, Turkey. Kaya, I. 2008 Legal aspects of irregular migration in Turkey. CARIM Analytic and Synthetic Notes 2008/73, Irregular Migration Series, Legal Module. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy. Keser, N. and A. Özel 2008 Geo-political position and importance of Turkey in the crime trafficking between the continents Asia, Europe and Africa. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 3(2):75– 81. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 157
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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Page 122 and 123: (c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135: of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137: smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139: critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
Page 160 and 161: Review of data on migrant smuggling
Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
Page 166 and 167: 4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
Page 178 and 179: (though it should be noted that a c
Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
Page 186 and 187: Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
Page 190 and 191: • Number of departures from Afgha
Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
Page 194 and 195: First, serious thought needs to be
Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
Page 206 and 207: Some irregular migrants from Bangla
Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 218 and 219: the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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