Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Massey, D.S., J. Durand and N.J. Malone 2002 Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. Morawska, E. 1990 The Sociology and Historiography of Immigration. In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (V. Yans-McLaughlin, ed.). Oxford University, New York, pp. 187–240. Moreno, S. 2005 Flow of Illegal Immigrants to U.S. Unabated – Mexicans Make Up Largest Group; D.C. Area Numbers Up 70 Percent Since 2000. Washington Post, 22 March, p. A02. Available from www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55202-2005Mar21.html Morselli, C. and J. Roy 2008 Brokerage Qualifications in Ringing Operations. Criminology 46:71– 98. Papademetriou, D.G. and A. Terrazas 2009 Immigrants and the Current Economic Crisis: Research Evidence, Policy Challenges, and Implications. Migration Policy Institute, Washington, D.C. Available from www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/ default/files/publications/lmi_recessionJan09.pdf Passel, J. and D. Cohn 2011 Unauthorized Immigrant Population: National and State Trends, 2010. Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. Available from www. pewhispanic.org/files/reports/133.pdf Pieke, F.N. 1999 Introduction: Chinese migrations compared. In Internal and International Migration: Chinese Perspectives (F.N. Pieke and H. Mallee, eds.). Curzon Press, Surrey, England, pp. 1–26. Piore, M.J. 1979 Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge University Press, New York. 322 12. United States
Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis of Migrant Smuggling Costs along the Southwest Border. Working paper. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C. Available from www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ ois-smuggling-wp.pdf Sanchez, G.E. 2015 Human Smuggling and Border Crossings. Routledge, New York. Soudijn, M.R.J. and S. Zhang 2015 Principal-Agency Theory in Illegal Markets: Cooperation and Conflict among Chinese Loansharks. Journal of Asian Criminology, first online, December 2015. Available from http://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11417-015-9229-7 Stark, O. 1991 The Migration of Labor. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge. Stark, O. and D. Bloom 1985 The New Economics of Labor Migration. American Economic Review, 75(2): 173–178. US Census Bureau 2012 The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010. US Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. Available from www.census.gov/ prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 2014 Members of Armenian migrant smuggling ring indicted on federal charges: Global smuggling network extended from Armenia to Southern California. Press release, 15 June. Available from www. ice.gov/news/releases/members-armenian-human-smuggling-ringindicted-federal-charges 2016 3 Mexican men sentenced in Southeast Texas for smuggling aliens in fishing boat. Press release, 2 February. Available from www.ice. gov/news/releases/3-mexican-men-sentenced-southeast-texassmuggling-aliens-fishing-boat Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 323
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291: Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293: north, but also within the continen
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Page 302 and 303: security mechanisms, efforts to eng
Page 304 and 305: Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
Page 306 and 307: Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
Page 308 and 309: Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
Page 310 and 311: Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
Page 312 and 313: Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
Page 314 and 315: 2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
Page 317 and 318: 12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
Page 319 and 320: a long history of admitting large n
Page 321 and 322: During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
Page 323 and 324: Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
Page 325 and 326: Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
Page 327 and 328: Migration, either regular or irregu
Page 329 and 330: Once migrant smuggling is framed as
Page 331 and 332: In a market environment where goods
Page 333 and 334: Most policymakers as well as border
Page 335: Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
Page 340: 17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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