Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Costs to migrants Financial costs of irregular migration are likely to vary depending on type of destination country (Europe, the United States or others), the likelihood of success in getting asylum or work, modes of transportation and the number of transit countries. Considering these variations, agents in Sri Lanka and India charged the potential migrants the most, followed by agents in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Drawing from various sources, the UNODC report presents different costs (UNODC, 2015) relating to migrant smuggling from Bangladesh and India (see Table 8.2). For example, from Sri Lanka to France, the cost was EUR 5,000 while from Sri Lanka to Canada, it ranged from USD 20,000 to USD 60,000. Costs for irregular migration from Pakistan and Sri Lanka were drawn from Raghavan and Jayasuriya (2016a) and Raghavan and Jayasuriya (2016b). In Pakistan, they vary from USD 3,400 to USD 11,000, while in Sri Lanka, the costs are higher, at between USD 18,000 to USD 23,000. The estimated profit being made varies depending on who is asked the question. Research in Pakistan and Sri Lanka revealed that the migrant smuggler (and people in their network) received a 25 per cent profit margin while potential asylum seekers believed migrant smugglers received up to 60 per cent profit margin (Raghavan and Jayasuriya, 2016a, 2016b). The UNODC estimates that migrant smugglers in India earn between USD 250 and USD 750 per migrant. Table 8.2: Estimated costs of irregular migration Origin country Destination Costs Bangladesh^ France USD 13,000 Greece USD 3,000 to USD 13,000 Turkey USD 4,000 to USD 6,000 Middle Eastern countries USD 2,300 to USD 2,600 Malaysia USD 2,700 United Kingdom USD 7,800 Italy USD 9,100 United States USD 6,605 India USD 40 to USD 60 India^ Europe USD 6,500 to USD 30,000 United Kingdom USD 22,500 to USD 42,000 Canada USD 65,000 United States USD 25,000 to USD 50,000 Australia and New Zealand USD 13,000 194 8. South Asia
Pakistan^^ Germany USD 11,000 Sweden USD 6,800 Indonesia (Jakarta) USD 7,000 Greece USD 4,000 Islamic Republic of Iran USD 3,400 Turkey; South Africa; Hong Kong, China; USD 5,500 Bangkok; Abu Dhabi; Libya Sri Lanka* Dubai USD 1,481 Canada USD 7,000 to USD 16,700 London USD 21,000 to USD 33,000 Switzerland USD 22,000 Germany USD 18,800 to USD 23,000 Italy USD 8,333 to USD 19,500 France USD 18,800 to USD 27,800 New Zealand USD 23,000 Sources: ^ UNODC, 2015. ^^ Raghavan and Jayasuriya, 2016a. * Raghavan and Jayasuriya, 2016b. Box 8.1: Examples of research into smuggling in Pakistan and Sri Lanka In June 2015, Australian-based researchers conducted qualitative interviews with potential asylum seekers and migrant smugglers in Pakistan and Sri Lanka (Raghavan and Jayasuriya, 2016a, 2016b). The interviews with smugglers focused on service transactions, including marketing, services provided, the various roles of smugglers, communications methods used and delivery methods. The research was undertaken as a component of broader research into irregular migration and smuggling in Central and South Asia. There were 20 potential asylum seekers in Pakistan and another 20 in Sri Lanka randomly selected for in-depth interviews from a larger sample frame of 3,000 households in Pakistan and 1,800 households in Sri Lanka. There were 12 smugglers in Sri Lanka and 12 agents in Pakistan interviewed about their service operations by connecting with them through local contacts. In most cases, researchers presented themselves to smugglers as potential clients wanting to travel overseas. This raises ethical issues about the research techniques applied, although by presenting as clients, the researchers were able to gather data that may otherwise have not been readily accessible. The research employed classic market research techniques, which are useful in the context of research on migrant smuggling business-related interactions and deliverables. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 195
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
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Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
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Page 190 and 191: • Number of departures from Afgha
Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
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Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
Page 228 and 229: The growing profile of migrant smug
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Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
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Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
Page 244 and 245: Australia. The remaining research w
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Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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Page 254 and 255: A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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