Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis 2012 Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) 2016 Afghanistan Annual Report 2015: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. Kabul. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2010 Crime Facilitating Migration from Pakistan and Afghanistan. UNODC, Pakistan. 2012 Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review of Literature. Coordination and Analysis Unit, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. 2013 Recent trends of human trafficking and migrant smuggling to and from Pakistan. UNODC Country Office Pakistan, Islamabad. 2015 Migrant Smuggling in Asia: Current Trends and Related Challenges. UNODC, Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. van Liempt, I.C. 2011 Different geographies and experiences of “assisted” types of migration: A gendered critique on the distinction between trafficking and smuggling. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 18(2):179–193. Wilkens, A. 2016 An Afghan Exodus (2): Unaccompanied minors in Sweden. Afghan Analysts Network (AAN), 18 February. Available from www. afghanistan-analysts.org/an-afghan-exodus-2-unaccompaniedminors-in-sweden/ WISE Strategic Communication 2010 Afghanistan Counter People Smuggling Scoping Study. Final Report for the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service. Kabul. Available from www.border.gov.au/AccessandAccountability/ Documents/finalreport-wisestrategiccommunicatoin.pdf Yousef, K. 2013 The vicious circle of irregular migration from Pakistan to Greece and back to Pakistan. IRMA Background Report. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, Athens. 186 7. Afghanistan
8 SOUTH ASIA Dinuk Jayasuriya and Ramesh Sunam Introduction The South Asian region – comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka – is a hub of irregular and regular migration flows. Widespread news coverage of Indian and Nepalese migrants illegally entering the United States through Guatemala and Mexico (Irfan, 2012; Wells, 2013), and Bangladeshi and Rohingya migrants roaming in Kuala Lumpur to make their way to Australia for seeking asylum (ABC, 2015) are some of the examples of what irregular migration looks like in the region. While all forms of irregular migration may not involve smuggling, most cases of irregular migration from and to Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are undertaken with the assistance of migrant smugglers (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2015). The dynamics of irregular migration in the region is largely rooted in political conflicts, ethnic violence, economic disparities, deep poverty and food insecurity. Nevertheless, it also reflects the aspirations of relatively educated and wealthy individuals and families to settle in “western” developed countries. Much of the discussion relating to people smuggled from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India has focused on those seeking protection (Jayasuriya and McAuliffe, 2013; Koser, 2008; Rajan, 2014; Saha, 2012; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2015a; UNODC, 2013). They have been smuggled within the region (for example, Sri Lankans to India, Pakistanis to Sri Lanka and Bangladeshis to Pakistan) and beyond, to Europe and other developed countries, such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (UNODC, 2015). Many attempt to seek asylum in these countries, while others remain there as unauthorized workers. People from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are also smuggled for labour purposes to the Middle East (Saha, 2012; UNODC, 2015). They may continue to work illegally, and from there, some may also migrate onwards to a developed destination country. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 187
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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