Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Daniel, S. 2008 Les routes clandestines: l’Afrique des immigrés et des passeurs. Hachette Littératures, Paris. European Commission 2015 A study on smuggling of migrants: Characteristics, responses and cooperation with third countries. European Commission, Brussels. Eurostat 2016 Eurostat online database. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/data/database (last accessed 20 January 2016). Finnish Immigration Service Country Information Service 2015 Human Trafficking of Nigerian Women to Europe, Suuntanus project report. Finnish Immigration Service, Country Information Service, Helsinki. Frontex 2014a Africa-Frontex Intelligence Community Joint Report, Frontex staff working document. Frontex, Warsaw. 2014b Annual Risk Analysis 2014. Frontex, Warsaw. 2015 Annual Risk Analysis 2015. Frontex, Warsaw. Gaibazzi, P. 2012 Home as Transit: Would-Be Migrants and Immobility in Ghana. In: The Challenge of the Threshold. Border Closures and Migration Movements in Africa (J. Streiff-Fénart and A. Segatti, eds.). Lexington Books, Plymouth, pp. 163–176. 2013 “God’s time is the best”: Religious imagination and the wait for emigration in the Gambia. In: The Global Horizon. Expectations of Migration in Africa and the Middle East (K. Graw and S. Schielke, eds.). Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 121–136. 2014 Visa problem: certification, kinship, and the production of ‘ineligibility’ in the Gambia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 20(1):38–55. Gatti, F. 2008 Bilal. Viaggiare, lavorare, morire da clandestini. Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, Milano. 48 2. West and Central Africa
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime 2014 Smuggled futures: the dangerous path of the migrant from Africa to Europe, Research report. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva. Grégoire, E. 2010 Touaregs du Niger, Le destin d’un mythe. Karthala Editions, Paris. de Haas, H. 2008 Irregular Migration from West Africa to the Maghreb and the European Union: An Overview of Recent Trends. Migration Research Series, 32. IOM, Geneva. Hagen-Zanker, J. and R. Mallett 2016 Journeys to Europe. The role of policy in migrant decision-making. Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Insights. ODI, London. Hernández-Carretero, M. and J. Carling 2012 Beyond “Kamikaze Migrants”: Risk Taking in West African Boat Migration to Europe. Human Organization, 71(4):407–416. Hinshaw, D. and J. Parkinson 2015 “Migrant Boom Is Saharan Boon, Agadez Traffickers Profit from Movement Through Niger to Libya”, Wall Street Journal, 19 July. Horsti, K. 2012 Humanitarian Discourse Legitimating Migration Control: FRONTEX Public Communication”. In: Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (M. Messier, R. Wodak and R. Schroeder, eds.). Springer, Vienna, pp. 297–308. Horwood, C. and A. Malakooti 2014 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking deaths along the way. In: Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost During Migration (T. Brian and F. Laczko, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 109–138. International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2013 The Mali Migration Crisis at a Glance. IOM, Geneva. 2014 Sur la route des migrants au Niger, Profilage de l’OIM: migrants en transit. Report. IOM, Geneva. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 49
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11:
Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 12 and 13: Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
Page 15 and 16: 1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18: disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20: Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33 and 34: References commonplace than is read
Page 35 and 36: International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44: distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
Page 53 and 54: and terrorism are mentioned in the
Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 65 and 66: Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 72 and 73: smuggling, most of which focus on S
Page 74 and 75: Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
Page 80 and 81: to air travel. Although travelling
Page 82 and 83: identified along the routes to the
Page 84 and 85: collecting data on irregular migrat
Page 86 and 87: Remaining data available online inc
Page 88 and 89: informant interviews and in-depth i
Page 90 and 91: • Risk of abduction and trafficki
Page 92 and 93: human trafficking, but also inform
Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
Page 96 and 97: 2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
Page 98 and 99: United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 100 and 101: Mediterranean routes passing throug
Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
Page 104 and 105: Key locations There is much to sugg
Page 106 and 107: smuggler once in the destination co
Page 108 and 109: increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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