Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jandl 2006 Human Smuggling as a Transnational Service Industry: Evidence from Austria. International Migration, 44(4):59–93. Carrera, S. and E. Guild (eds.) 2016 Irregular Migration, Trafficking and Smuggling of Human Beings: Policy Dilemmas in the EU. Center for European Policy Studies, Brussels. Available from www.ceps.eu/system/files/Irregular%20 Migration,%20Trafficking%20and%20SmugglingwithCovers.pdf Carrera, S. et al. 2016 Fit for purpose? The Facilitation Directive and the criminalisation of humanitarian assistance to irregular migrants. LIBE Committee. Available from www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ STUD/2016/536490/IPOL_STU(2016)536490_EN.pdf Council of the European Union 2002a Council Directive 2002/90/EC of 28 November 2002 defining the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence. 2002b Council Framework Decision 2002/946/JHA of 28 November 2002 on the strengthening of the penal framework to prevent the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence. 2006 Council Decisions 2006/616/EC and 2006/617/EC on the conclusion of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime. Derluyn, I. and E. Broekaert 2005 On the way to a better future: Belgium as transit country for trafficking and smuggling of unaccompanied minors. International Migration, 43(4):31–56. Doomernik J. 2013 Migrant Smuggling between Two Logics: Migration Dynamics and State Policies. The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, (48)3:113–129. Efimerida Syntakton 2015 Farmakonisi: Victim found Guilty (in Greek). Available from www. efsyn.gr/arthro/farmakonisi-enohos-thyma 128 5. Europe
Emmott, R. and P. Stewart 2016 NATO launches sea mission against migrant traffickers. Reuters, 11 February. Available from www.reuters.com/article/us-europemigrants-nato-idUSKCN0VK0TT European Commission 2015 EU Action Plan against migrant smuggling (2015–2020), COM(2015) 285 final. Brussels, 27.5.2015. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/ dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/policies/asylum/general/ docs/eu_action_plan_against_migrant_smuggling_en.pdf 2016 How can EU action against migrant smuggling be more effective? Public consultation, 14 January. Available from http://ec.europa. eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2016/20160114_1_ en.htm European Commission, Directorate General (DG) for Migration and Home Affairs 2015 A study on smuggling of migrants: Characteristics, responses and cooperation with third countries, Final Report, September 2015. European Union, DG Migration and Home Affairs, Brussels. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/ european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/study_ on_smuggling_of_migrants_final_report_master_091115_final_ pdf.pdf European Migration Network 2014 Ad-Hoc Query on Facilitation of irregular immigration (migrants smuggling) to the EU: national institutional frameworks, policies and other knowledge-based evidence. Requested by COM on 21st August 2014, Compilation produced on 17th November 2014. Responses from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom plus Norway (20 in total). Available from http://ec.europa.eu/ dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_ network/reports/docs/ad-hoc-queries/trafficking/605_emn_ahq_ national_institutional_framework_on_smuggling_2014_en.pdf European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights 2011 Fundamental rights of migrants in an irregular situation in the European Union. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Available from http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/ files/fra_uploads/1827-FRA_2011_Migrants_in_an_irregular_ situation_EN.pdf Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 129
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
Page 92 and 93: human trafficking, but also inform
Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113: In terms of research focused on smu
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Page 116 and 117: Global Initiative against Transnati
Page 118 and 119: Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
Page 120 and 121: of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
Page 122 and 123: (c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135: of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137: smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139: critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
Page 160 and 161: Review of data on migrant smuggling
Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
Page 166 and 167: 4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
Page 178 and 179: (though it should be noted that a c
Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
Page 186 and 187: Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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