Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge the Government of Turkey for its support of the “Comprehensive Global Approach to Counter Migrant Smuggling and Enhanced Migrant Protection” project under which this report is prepared, the hard work and support of all of the authors, as well as the many thousands of migrants who have participated in studies on migrant smuggling throughout the world. This report was conceived and commissioned by Dr Frank Laczko, Head, IOM Global Migration Data Analysis Centre, who managed the report project with assistance from Marie McAuliffe (as consultant), Tara Brian and Julia de Bresser. The report was sub-edited by Melissa Borlaza and the layout done by Anna Lyn Constantino under the leadership of the head of the IOM Publications Unit, Valerie Hagger, and support from Maria Paula Subia. The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) or the Republic of Turkey. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM or the Republic of Turkey concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. Title: Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base / edited by M.L. McAuliffe and F. Laczko ISBN: 978-92-9068-730-6 Subjects: International migration; migrant smuggling; irregular migration. Cover photo: © Valerie Hagger, 2013 Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: hq@iom.int Website: www.iom.int _______________________________________________ © 2016 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _______________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. 66_16
Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base
Page 1: Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
Page 6 and 7: on migrant smuggling and irregular
Page 8 and 9: Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11: Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 12 and 13: Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
Page 15 and 16: 1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18: disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20: Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33 and 34: References commonplace than is read
Page 35 and 36: International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44: distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258:
10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274:
Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276:
Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280:
庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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