Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into and within the European Union Source: Europol, 2016. When it comes to the details of the actual transfer, the means and ways vary greatly depending on the leg of the journey and many more converging factors. In recent years, most smuggling to and within Europe has primarily taken place by land and/or sea. Even though travel by air is currently of limited use, Europol estimates that it will increase in significance the further security controls on the land and sea routes are tightening (Europol, 2016). As regards payment, this is normally made in cash in advance or in halfway instalments; if migrants fail to pay, smugglers may extort the families in the country of origin. Payment via labour may also be demanded (Europol, 2011, 2012a, 2013, 2015b). 112 5. Europe
Smuggling into Europe through the Mediterranean sea routes typically takes place on unseaworthy fishing boats or small overloaded rubber dinghies. These vessels are generally poorly equipped, prone to capsizing and often lack the necessary fuel to reach Europe (Frontex, 2016). The size of the vessel and the number of passengers depends on the distance that has to be covered and the funds available. A refugee dinghy crossing from the Turkish coast to the Aegean Islands typically carries 50 to 65 people; a wooden boat from Libya to Italy can carry up to a few hundreds (Kingsley, 2015). It is noteworthy that smugglers themselves do not normally board the boats but reportedly assign pilot duties to one of the passengers. The sums due vary depending on a variety of factors. Each leg of the journey is normally associated with a specific fee range, the precise height of which is influenced by additional factors, such as the weather conditions, the risks involved, the facilities in the receiving country, as well as social considerations (nationality, age, family status). In 2015, for instance, crossing from Ayvalik to Lesvos reportedly cost between EUR 500 to EUR 2,500 with the lowest fees reported during windy winter days. Overall in the smuggling industry, travel by sea under such conditions is generally considered among the most dangerous and accounts for the highest number of deaths (University of Amsterdam, 2016). Subsidiary movement within the European continent typically takes place by land, through private vehicles and concealed departments in trucks and train freights. The precise mode depends (among other things) on the quality of the road, the length of the journey, the financial possibilities of the client and also the migration policies in place (e.g. Schengen). Compared to movement into Europe, the available options here appear to be much broader, rendering the analysis of the trends particularly complex. While data have not been systematically collected, travelling in hidden spaces in trucks and buses has been frequently reported in the context the ferry crossings from Greece to Italy (Triandafyllidou and Maroukis, 2012). Travelling in concealed departments in vans, trucks and minivans is also a commonly reported method in the context of the Western Balkan route, in particular from Bulgaria via Romania, Slovakia and Hungary to Vienna. According to the Austrian authorities, travelling from Greece to Austria typically costs between EUR 3,000 to EUR 5,000; from Serbia to Austria between EUR 700 to EUR 1,200 per person. Onward movement from Austria to Germany entails a further EUR 1,000, while Scandinavia is a further EUR 2,500. Overall, travel inside a truck has proven a rather perilous mode of transfer as there is a real risk of suffocation. In one notorious case in 2015, 71 migrants were found dead inside a lorry at the Austrian–Hungarian border (Harding, 2015). Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 113
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Page 86 and 87: Remaining data available online inc
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Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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Page 116 and 117: Global Initiative against Transnati
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Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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