Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darien Gap: US-bound migrants marooned in Panama jungle. Al Jazeera America, 2 May. Available from http://america. aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/2/migrants-marooned-panamajungle.html Jokisch, B. 2014 Ecuador: From Mass Emigration to Return Migration? Migration Policy Institute, 24 November. Available from www.migrationpolicy. org/article/ecuador-mass-emigration-return-migration Kandel, W. and D. Massey 2002 The Culture of Mexican Migration: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Social Forces, 80(3):981–1004. Knippen, J., C. Boggs and M. Meyer 2015 An Uncertain Path: Justice for Crimes and Human Rights Violations against Migrants and Refugees in Mexico. WOLA, Washington, D.C. Kyle, D. and M. Scarcelli 2009 Migrant smuggling and the violence question: evolving illicit migration markets for Cuban and Haitian refugees. Crime, Law and Social Change, 52:297–311. Kyle, D. and Z. Liang 2001 Migration Merchants: Human Smuggling from Ecuador and China, Working Paper no. 43. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego. López Castro, G. 1998 Factors that Influence Migration: Coyotes and Alien Smuggling. In: Migration between Mexico and the United States, Binational Study Volume 2: Research Reports and Background Materials. Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs and US Commission on Immigration Reform, Morgan Printing, Austin, Texas. Lubheid, E. 2002 Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Lubheid, E. and L. Cantú (eds.) 2005 Queer Migrations: Sexuality, US Citizenship, and Border Crossings. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 294 11. Latin America
Mark, M. 2016 Cuban Migrant Crisis: First Flight Scheduled to El Salvador for those Stranded in Costa Rica. IB Times, 7 January. Available from www. ibtimes.com/cuban-migrant-crisis-first-flight-scheduled-el-salvadorthose-stranded-costa-rica-2254570 Martínez, D. 2015 Coyote Use in an Era of Heightened Border Enforcement: New Evidence from the Arizona-Sonora Border. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(1):103–119. Martínez, D. et al. 2014 Structural Violence and Migrant Deaths in Southern Arizona: Data from the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990-2013. Journal of Migration and Human Security, 2(4): 257–286. Martínez, G., S. Cobo and J.C. Narváez 2015 Trazando rutas de la migración de tránsito irregular o no documentada por México. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 23(45):127–155. Martínez, O. 2014 The Beast: Riding the Rails and Dodging Narcos on the Migrant Trail. Verso, New York. Meléndez, J. 2015 México supera a EU en cifra de deportaciones de migrantes. El Universal, 14 October. Available from www.eluniversal.com.mx/ articulo/nacion/seguridad/2015/10/14/mexico-supera-eu-en-cifrade-deportaciones-de-migrantes Meza, L. and M. Cuéllar Álvarez 2009 La vulnerabilidad de los grupos migrantes en México. Universidad Iberoamericana, México. México Unido Contra la Delincuencia 2012 Informe Sobre Secuestro de Migrantes. México Unidos Contra la Delincuencia, A.C., Mexico City. Miguel León, J. 2011 Frontera Sur de México, de Camino al Norte. Norteamérica, 6:249– 256. CISAN-UNAM, Mexico. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 295
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
Page 259 and 260: The following sections provide the
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10:1: Destination countries
Page 263 and 264: a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
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Page 269 and 270: 2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
Page 277 and 278: n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280: 庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
Page 281: 李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
Page 284 and 285: travel documents from friends and f
Page 286 and 287: and 2011). This chapter provides an
Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291: Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293: north, but also within the continen
Page 294 and 295: migration flows. In terms of offici
Page 296 and 297: esearch has also emerged on the top
Page 298 and 299: the region in a fashion that may al
Page 300 and 301: migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
Page 302 and 303: security mechanisms, efforts to eng
Page 304 and 305: Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
Page 306 and 307: Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
Page 310 and 311: Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
Page 312 and 313: Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
Page 314 and 315: 2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
Page 317 and 318: 12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
Page 319 and 320: a long history of admitting large n
Page 321 and 322: During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
Page 323 and 324: Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
Page 325 and 326: Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
Page 327 and 328: Migration, either regular or irregu
Page 329 and 330: Once migrant smuggling is framed as
Page 331 and 332: In a market environment where goods
Page 333 and 334: Most policymakers as well as border
Page 335 and 336: Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
Page 337 and 338: Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
Page 340: 17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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