Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

More documents

Recommendations

Info

the spike in irregular migration from Sri Lanka to Australia in 2012, as well as the large number of Rohingya fleeing Bangladesh in 2015. These flows may be influenced by policies of destination and source countries, as well as respective economic, security and political situations and even technological advances (McAuliffe and Jayasuriya, 2016; McAuliffe, 2016). In the foreseeable future, several potential changes can be expected in relation to migrant smuggling. The fees charged by migrant smugglers change, depending on supply and demand factors, as well as restrictions imposed by different countries. The flows to certain countries may be diverted to others, depending in part on the relative tightening and loosening of irregular migration policies. The favoured routes may change, which may also impact on migrant smugglers’ profits. The structure of smuggling operations may evolve over time. Regular research and intelligence gathering in source countries would present policymakers with information on the evolving cost structures and operations of migrant smugglers. This could be employed cost-effectively using qualitative techniques, such as commissioning researchers to interview migrant smugglers in local communities. Quantitative techniques may allow a greater understanding as to the migrant smuggling market, however could be more costly. Such information could equip policymakers with a greater understanding of the migrant smuggling processes, but also present insights into how such processes can be disrupted and as a result, hopefully protect migrants from exploitation and abuse. To sum up, this chapter suggests that three major aspects of migrant smuggling need to be further investigated. First, while drivers of irregular migration and migrant smuggling are studied, the literature examines largely individual or household characteristics. Research that accounts for not only individual characteristics of the smuggled migrant and the smuggler, but also broader structures, such as political, economic, environmental and cultural factors, including social networks and the role of social media, need to be undertaken to develop a fuller understanding. Such research can combine both quantitative and qualitative research approaches, involving multisited fieldwork along major migrant smuggling routes connecting source, transit and destination countries. Second, while the grey literature on smugglers and how they work is abundant, systematic research is required to understand the perspectives of smugglers – risks and benefits – situating them in a context where they live, along with their connections with government authorities. Finally, the need for research is paramount to understanding transnational links between the smuggled migrants and their family members living back home in terms of social and economic implications. 204 8. South Asia
References Aksakal, M. and K. Schmidt-Verkerk 2014 Characteristics of Temporary Transnational Migration: The German Case. In: Characteristics of Temporary Transnational Migration, Collected Working Papers from the EURA-NET project (P. Pitkänen and M. Korpela, eds.). University of Tampere, Finland, pp. 107–151. Asia Foundation 2013 Labour migration trends and patterns: Bangladesh, India, and Nepal 2013. The Asia Foundation, Kathmandu. Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group on International Migration Including Human Trafficking 2012 Situation Report on International Migration in South and South-West Asia. Available from www.rcm-asiapacific-un.org/pdf/Situation_ report.pdf Barker, C. 2013 The people smugglers’ business model. Research paper no. 2, 2012-2013. Department of Parliamentary Services, Government of Australia, Canberra. Barry, E. 2015 A Bangladeshi Town in Human Trafficking’s Grip. The New York Times, 23 July. Available from www.nytimes.com/2015/07/24/world/asia/ bangladesh-human-trafficking.html?_r=2 ABC 2015 Malaysia to follow Indonesia in turning back migrant boats; thousands may face starvation at sea, 13 May 2015. 13 May (updated). Available from www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-13/malaysia-to-turn-backmigrant-boats/6466726 Chowdhury, S.T. 2015 Meet Bangladesh’s people smugglers. Al Jazeera, 23 June. Available from www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/06/meetbangladesh-people-smugglers-150623083053794.html Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 205
Page 1 and 2:
Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
Page 3:
Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
Page 6 and 7:
on migrant smuggling and irregular
Page 8 and 9:
Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11:
Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 12 and 13:
Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
Page 15 and 16:
1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18:
disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20:
Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22:
Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24:
physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26:
Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28:
Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30:
(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32:
on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33 and 34:
References commonplace than is read
Page 35 and 36:
International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38:
Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40:
Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42:
Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44:
distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46:
down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50:
qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52:
Investigative journalism A substant
Page 53 and 54:
and terrorism are mentioned in the
Page 55 and 56:
Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58:
Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60:
Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62:
2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 63 and 64:
Global Initiative Against Transnati
Page 65 and 66:
Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67:
Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71:
Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 72 and 73:
smuggling, most of which focus on S
Page 74 and 75:
Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
Page 76 and 77:
Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79:
not view themselves as victims of a
Page 80 and 81:
to air travel. Although travelling
Page 82 and 83:
identified along the routes to the
Page 84 and 85:
collecting data on irregular migrat
Page 86 and 87:
Remaining data available online inc
Page 88 and 89:
informant interviews and in-depth i
Page 90 and 91:
• Risk of abduction and trafficki
Page 92 and 93:
human trafficking, but also inform
Page 94 and 95:
De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
Page 96 and 97:
2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
Page 98 and 99:
United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 100 and 101:
Mediterranean routes passing throug
Page 102 and 103:
The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
Page 104 and 105:
Key locations There is much to sugg
Page 106 and 107:
smuggler once in the destination co
Page 108 and 109:
increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113:
In terms of research focused on smu
Page 114 and 115:
perspective of the migration dynami
Page 116 and 117:
Global Initiative against Transnati
Page 118 and 119:
Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
Page 120 and 121:
of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
Page 122 and 123:
(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125:
nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127:
Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129:
Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131:
Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133:
Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135:
of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137:
smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139:
critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141:
Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143:
Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145:
Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147:
Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149:
Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151:
Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153:
What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155:
In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157:
Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
Page 160 and 161:
Review of data on migrant smuggling
Page 162 and 163:
The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165:
Regarding mixed survey methods usin
Page 166 and 167:
4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
Page 178 and 179: (though it should be noted that a c
Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
Page 186 and 187: Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
Page 190 and 191: • Number of departures from Afgha
Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
Page 194 and 195: First, serious thought needs to be
Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
Page 206 and 207: Some irregular migrants from Bangla
Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
Page 224 and 225: United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
Page 228 and 229: The growing profile of migrant smug
Page 230 and 231: For example, Malaysia currently hos
Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
Page 236 and 237: The transnational criminal focus ap
Page 238 and 239: Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
Page 240 and 241: Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
Page 244 and 245: Australia. The remaining research w
Page 246 and 247: elsewhere in the region appears to
Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
Page 252 and 253: United Nations Office of Drugs and
Page 254 and 255: A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
Page 259 and 260: The following sections provide the
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10:1: Destination countries
Page 263 and 264: a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
Page 267 and 268: smugglers as criminals have evolved
Page 269 and 270:
2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272:
not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274:
Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276:
Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
Page 277 and 278:
n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280:
庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
Page 281:
李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
Page 284 and 285:
travel documents from friends and f
Page 286 and 287:
and 2011). This chapter provides an
Page 288 and 289:
journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291:
Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293:
north, but also within the continen
Page 294 and 295:
migration flows. In terms of offici
Page 296 and 297:
esearch has also emerged on the top
Page 298 and 299:
the region in a fashion that may al
Page 300 and 301:
migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
Page 302 and 303:
security mechanisms, efforts to eng
Page 304 and 305:
Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
Page 306 and 307:
Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
Page 308 and 309:
Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
Page 310 and 311:
Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
Page 312 and 313:
Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
Page 314 and 315:
2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
Page 317 and 318:
12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
Page 319 and 320:
a long history of admitting large n
Page 321 and 322:
During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
Page 323 and 324:
Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
Page 325 and 326:
Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
Page 327 and 328:
Migration, either regular or irregu
Page 329 and 330:
Once migrant smuggling is framed as
Page 331 and 332:
In a market environment where goods
Page 333 and 334:
Most policymakers as well as border
Page 335 and 336:
Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
Page 337 and 338:
Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
Page 340:
17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
show all

Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?