Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Zhang, S.X. 2007 Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: All roads lead to America. Prager, Connecticut. 2008 Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations: Families, Social Networks, and Cultural Imperatives. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California. 2012 Looking for a Hidden Population: Trafficking of Migrant Laborers in San Diego County. Final Report submitted to the National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice for Grant No.: 2009-IJ-CX-0011. San Diego State University, San Diego, California. Available from www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf Zhang, S. and K. Chin 2002 Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers: A Cross-National Study. San Diego State University, San Diego. 2003 The Declining Significance of Triad Societies in Transnational Illegal Activities: A Structural Deficiency Perspective. British Journal of Criminology 43(3):469–488. Zhang, S. et al. 2014 Estimating Labor Trafficking among Unauthorized Migrant Workers in San Diego. ANNALS of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1): 65–86. 324 12. United States
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291: Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293: north, but also within the continen
Page 294 and 295: migration flows. In terms of offici
Page 296 and 297: esearch has also emerged on the top
Page 298 and 299: the region in a fashion that may al
Page 300 and 301: migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
Page 302 and 303: security mechanisms, efforts to eng
Page 304 and 305: Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
Page 306 and 307: Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
Page 308 and 309: Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
Page 310 and 311: Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
Page 312 and 313: Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
Page 314 and 315: 2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
Page 317 and 318: 12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
Page 319 and 320: a long history of admitting large n
Page 321 and 322: During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
Page 323 and 324: Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
Page 325 and 326: Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
Page 327 and 328: Migration, either regular or irregu
Page 329 and 330: Once migrant smuggling is framed as
Page 331 and 332: In a market environment where goods
Page 333 and 334: Most policymakers as well as border
Page 335 and 336: Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
Page 337: Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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