Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Clarke, J. 2000 The problems of evaluating numbers of illegal migrants in the European Union. In: Regularisations of Illegal Immigrants in the European Union (P. de Bruycker, ed.). Bruylant, Brussels. Department for International Development (DFID) 2007 DFID Research Strategy 2008-2013. Working Paper on Capacity Building. DFID, London. Doomernik, J. 2001 Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europe. A Review of the Evidence with Case Studies from Hungary, Poland and Ukraine (Book Reviews). International Migration Review 35.3, pp. 948–950. European Commission 2015 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions: EU Action Plan against migrant smuggling (2015–2020). European Commission, Brussels. European Parliament 2016 Fit for purpose? The Facilitation Directive and the criminalisation of humanitarian assistance to irregular migrants. Study commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Available from www.europarl.europa. eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/536490/IPOL_STU(2016)536490_ EN.pdf Europol 2016 Migrant smuggling in the EU, February 2016. Europol, Hague. Available from www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ publications/migrant_smuggling__europol_report_2016.pdf Frontex 2015 Quarterly Risk Analysis Reports. Frontex, Warsaw. de Haas, H. 2011 The determinants of international migration: Conceptualising policy, origin and destination effects. International Migration Institute (IMI) Working Paper 32. IMI, Oxford. 20 1. Report Overview
International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2016 Missing Migrants project. Available from http://missingmigrants. iom.int/ Jayasuriya, D. 2014 Drivers of irregular and regular migration from Sri Lanka: Evidence from a large scale survey. Research Programme, Occasional Paper Series no. 9. Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia. Jayasuriya, D., M. McAuliffe and M. Iqbal 2016 The dynamic nature of migration aspirations: Findings from a longitudinal study of households in Sri Lanka. Research Programme, Occasional Paper Series no. 20. Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia. Koser, K. 2010 Dimensions and dynamics of irregular migration. Population, Space and Place 16, 181–193. 2011 The smuggling of refugees. In: Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives (D. Kyle and R. Koslowksi, eds.). The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 256–272. Kraler, A. and D. Reichel 2011 Measuring irregular migration and population flows – What available data can tell. International Migration, 49(5):97–128. Kyle, D. and Z. Liang 2001 Migration Merchants: Human Smuggling from Ecuador and China. Working Paper No. 43. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California at Davis. Kyle, D. and R. Koslowksi (eds.) 2011 Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Laczko, F. and E. Gozdziak (eds.) 2005 Data and research on human trafficking: A global survey. IOM, Geneva. Available from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/ pdf/global_survey.pdf Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 21
Page 1 and 2: Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Page 6 and 7: on migrant smuggling and irregular
Page 8 and 9: Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11: Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 12 and 13: Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
Page 15 and 16: 1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18: disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20: Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33: References commonplace than is read
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44: distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
Page 53 and 54: and terrorism are mentioned in the
Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 63 and 64: Global Initiative Against Transnati
Page 65 and 66: Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 72 and 73: smuggling, most of which focus on S
Page 74 and 75: Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
Page 80 and 81: to air travel. Although travelling
Page 82 and 83: identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
Page 329 and 330:
Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
Page 340:
17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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