Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Ultimately, the data that is collected on information such as smuggling fees, routes, views towards smugglers, estimates of migrant smuggled and demographic characteristics of smugglers is generally sourced by researchers using primary data. The limited statistical data, largely sourced from UNODC reports (UNODC, 2013 and 2015), is presented below. Bangladesh Bangaldeshis are thought to have migrated irregularly to India with approximately 25,000 entering each year, to Pakistan with approximately 1,000,000 in total (Medhi, 2010), and the Maldives with approximately 35,000 in total (UNODC, 2015:37). About 10,000 irregular migrants live in Malaysia, while 12,000 to 20,000 of those living in the United States are thought to have arrived irregularly (UNODC, 2015:37). Other countries have lower reported levels of irregular migrants; in 2012, 52 were detected in Italy, 193 in Australia, 771 in Spain, 781 in France and 1,190 in the United Kingdom (UNODC, 2015). Overall, these numbers suggest that Bangaldeshis are generally smuggled into neighbouring countries, while with respect to developed countries, most appear to be smuggled to the United States. There are estimates of around 30,000 Rohingya living in refugee camps in Bangladesh, with a further 270,000 irregular Rohingya migrants residing in the country (UNHCR, IOM and UNODC, 2015). Malaysia and Thailand are destination countries for Rohingya, although the exact numbers sourced from Bangladesh versus Myanmar are uncertain. For example, UNHCR estimates that 87,000 people, mainly Rohingya and also Bengalis, have been smuggled from Bangladesh and Myanmar to Thailand between January 2014 and April 2015 (UNHCR, 2015b). India India is host to irregular migrants from Bangladesh, Nepal and now to a lesser extent, Sri Lanka. In 2012, most Indian irregular migrants were detected living illegally in the United Kingdom (2,880), followed by Australia (2,691), Germany (1,215), France (1,030) and to a lesser extent, Belgium, Italy, New Zealand and Spain. Other destination countries include Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands and the United States (UNHCR, 2015b). The irregular migrant population of Indian nationals in European Union Member States is estimated at 198 8. South Asia
etween 1.9 million and 3.8 million people, while between 430,000 and 618,000 Indian nationals were estimated as residing in the United Kingdom illegally, and 240,000 in the United States (UNHCR, 2015b). However, according to Pitkanen and Korepla (2014), in 2013, the proportion of Indians living irregularly in the United Kingdom is less than 10,000 people and lower than that in other European Union Member States. Pitkänen and Korepla (2014) source their data from Eurostat. Pakistan Pakistan is a destination country for people, such as Hazara, from Afghanistan. In 2013, it was estimated that there were 4 million irregular migrants in Pakistan, with approximately 2.7 million being Afghans (UNODC, 2013). According to the UNODC (2015:12), “the main destination countries for smuggled migrants from Pakistan are Germany, Scandinavian countries, and the United Kingdom, although Austria, Belgium, France and Italy are also popular destination countries”. Australia was a popular destination country for irregular migrants from Pakistan in 2012. However, subsequent to changes in Australian policy, irregular migrants from Pakistan reduced dramatically. According to the Federal Investigation Agency, over 50,000 irregular migrants were deported to Pakistan in 2011 and 2012 (UNODC, 2013). Sri Lanka Key destination countries for Sri Lankans are Australia (for which irregular migration has considerably decreased from 2011 highs), Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates and the United States. While information relating to asylum applications exists, there appears to be limited data involving the number of actual irregular migrants, with 2012 data showing up to 2,812 Sri Lankans attempted to enter Canada irregularly, while 6,412 irregular migrants arrived in Australia in 2012 (UNODC, 2015). In 2011 and 2012, Australia was a key destination country; however, driven in part by strong policy responses by the Government of Australia, the trend has shifted towards Europe and Canada. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 199
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
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Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
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Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
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Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
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Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
Page 252 and 253: United Nations Office of Drugs and
Page 254 and 255: A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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