Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2014 Smuggling and Trafficking from the East and Horn of Africa: Executive Summary. UNHCR, Geneva. Available from www.refworld. org/pdfid/51d175314.pdf n.d. Smuggling and Trafficking from the East and Horn of Africa: Progress Report – UNHCR Strategy and Regional Plan of Action. UNHCR, Geneva. United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2010 The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. 2011 Issue Paper: Smuggling of Migrants by Sea. 2013 Transnational Organized Crime in Eastern Africa: A Threat Assessment. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 2014 Mixed Migration in southern Africa. Humanitarian Bulletin Issue 13, January 2014. Available from www.humanitarianresponse. info/system/files/documents/files/OCHA_ROSA_Humanitarian_ Bulletin_Jan_2014.pdf 84 3. East Africa
4 NORTH AFRICA Arezo Malakooti Introduction This chapter provides an overview of migrant smuggling in North Africa, and presents a survey of existing literature and data on the topic. In assessing the research conducted on the topic, and the extent to which data has been collected or is currently being collected, this chapter will outline areas for further research and make recommendations for ways in which research and data can be used to inform policies and programmes. The literature review has focused on a selection of studies considered relevant in terms of methodology and date of publication but is in no way comprehensive. The writing of this chapter was also supported by a number of key informant interviews with practitioners in the countries of assessment. Given that North Africa is a large and dynamic region, particularly from the perspective of migration flows and migrant smuggling activity, in order to do justice to the countries it encompasses, the geographic scope of the chapter has been narrowed to the countries that feed into the Central Mediterranean route. These are Algeria, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. Finally, the irregular migration flow to, through and from North Africa is a mixed flow comprising labour migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. This means that the people on the move are a complex group of people with differing motivations who all make the same journeys, often relying on the same smugglers. Thus, for the purposes of this chapter, the word migrant will be used broadly to refer to all people on the move through the region, unless a distinction is otherwise made. Overview of migrant smuggling in the region Migratory flows in North Africa fall within broader international migration patterns as North Africa is both a destination region for sub-Saharan African migrants and also a transit region for migrants from the subcontinent who wish to travel to Europe irregularly, with both the Central Mediterranean and Western Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 85
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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