Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses: The Need for a Maritime Alien Smuggling Law Enforcement Act. Journal of Army Law, 20, August. Rosemblum, M. et al. 2012 Mexican Migration to the United States: Policy and Trends. Report R42560. Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C. Round Earth Media 2016 Vidas Cruzadas: Vidas Reales en Radio Novela. Radio show. Available from vidascruzadas.net Ruiz, O. 2004 Violencia Sexual: El Caso de las Migrantes Centroamericanoas en la Frontera Sur. In: La Violencia Contra la Mujer en México (T. Fernandez de Juan, ed.). CNDH, Mexico City, pp. 157–176. Sanchez, G.E. 2015 Human Smuggling and Border Crossings. Routledge, London. 2016 Women’s Participation in the Facilitation of Human Smuggling: The Case of the US Southwest. Geopolitics, 21(2):387–406, Special Issue: Beyond the Border, Clandestine Migration Journeys. Risk management in human smuggling: the families speak. In: Tracing Responsibility: the entrapment of asylum seekers in precarious livelihoods (A. Gerard and F. Vecchio, eds.). Palgrave McMillan (Forthcoming). Servicios Informativos y Publicitarios del Sureste (SIPSE) 2015 Cuatro centroamericanos, detenidos con documentos falsos. SIPSE, 19 September. Available from http://sipse.com/novedades/cuatrocentroamericanos-detenidos-con-documentos-falsos-170600.html Sin Fronteras 2013a La Ruta del Encierro: Situación de las personas en detención en estaciones migratorias y estancias provisionales. Sin Fronteras, Mexico City. 2013b Ser migrante no me hace delincuente: Situación de las personas en detención en las estaciones migratorias de Iztapalapa, Distrito Federal, Tenosique y Villahermosa, Tabasco, 2011-2012. Sin Fronteras, Mexico City. 298 11. Latin America
Sin Fronteras and INCEDES 2011 Adolescentes no Acompañados. Estudio sobre sus Derechos Humanos durante el proceso de verificación migratoria, detención, deportación y recepción. Sin Fronteras, Mexico City. Spener, D. 2004 Mexican Migrant-Smuggling: A Cross-Border Cottage Industry. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 5(3):295–320. 2009 Some Reflections on the Language of Clandestine Migration on the Mexico-US Border. Presentation, Latin American Studies Association XXVIII, 11 June, Rio de Janeiro. 2014 Clandestine Crossings: Migrants and Coyotes on the Texas-Mexico Border. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Stillman, S. 2015 Where are the Children? For extortionists, undocumented migrants have become big business. The New Yorker, 27 April. Available from www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/27/where-are-thechildren Stinchcomb, D. and E. Hershberg 2014 Unaccompanied Migrant Children from Central America: Context, Causes, and Responses. Working Paper Series no. 7. Center of Latin American and Latino Studies, American University, Washington, D.C. Stone-Cadena, V. 2014 Indigenous Migration: Strategic Identity and Entrepreneurism in the Migration Journey. Paper presented at the Clandestine Migration Routes and Human Insecurity workshop. Brown University, Rhode Island. 2016 Indigenous Ecuadorian Mobility Strategies in the Clandestine Migration Journey. Geopolitics, March. Trujillo, A. 2011 Felix: Self-Fictions of a Human Smuggler. Documentary film. Creativetime Reports. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2010 Migración Extracontinental en América Latina: Algunas Tendencias y Consideraciones de Protección Internacional. Available from www. acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2010/7720.pdf?view=1 Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 299
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10:1: Destination countries
Page 263 and 264: a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
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Page 269 and 270: 2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
Page 277 and 278: n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280: 庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
Page 281: 李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
Page 284 and 285: travel documents from friends and f
Page 286 and 287: and 2011). This chapter provides an
Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291: Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293: north, but also within the continen
Page 294 and 295: migration flows. In terms of offici
Page 296 and 297: esearch has also emerged on the top
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Page 300 and 301: migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
Page 302 and 303: security mechanisms, efforts to eng
Page 304 and 305: Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
Page 306 and 307: Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
Page 308 and 309: Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
Page 310 and 311: Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
Page 314 and 315: 2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
Page 317 and 318: 12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
Page 319 and 320: a long history of admitting large n
Page 321 and 322: During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
Page 323 and 324: Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
Page 325 and 326: Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
Page 327 and 328: Migration, either regular or irregu
Page 329 and 330: Once migrant smuggling is framed as
Page 331 and 332: In a market environment where goods
Page 333 and 334: Most policymakers as well as border
Page 335 and 336: Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
Page 337 and 338: Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
Page 340: 17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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