Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitation in Migration: Unacceptable but Inevitable”, Journal of International Affairs, 68(2):55–74. A.T. Gallagher and F. David, The International Law of Migrant Smuggling (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 2014). G. Hugo, G. Tan and C.J. Napitupulu, Indonesia as a Transit Country in Irregular Migration to Australia, Irregular Migration Research Programme Occasional Paper Series no. 8 (Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia, 2014). M.R. Islam and S. Cojocaru (2015), “Migrant Domestic Workers in Asia: Transnational Variations and Policy Concerns”, International Migration, 54(1):48– 63. S.K. Lee (2015), “Behind the Scenes: Smuggling in the Thailand-Myanmar Borderland”, Pacific Affairs, 88(4):767–790. M. McAuliffe, Seeking the views of irregular migrants: Decision making, drivers and migration journeys, Irregular Migration Research Programme Occasional Paper Series no. 5 (Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia, 2013). M. McAuliffe and V. Mence, Global Irregular Maritime Migration: Current and Future Challenges, Irregular Migration Research Programme Occasional Paper Series no. 7 (Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia, 2014). A. McNevin (2015), “Beyond territoriality: Rethinking human mobility, border security and geopolitical space from the Indonesian island of Bintan”, Security Dialogue 45(3):295–310. A. Missbach (2015), “Making a ‘Career’ in People-Smuggling in Indonesia: Protracted Transit, Restricted Mobility and the Lack of Legal Work Rights”, Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 30(2):423–454. R.A. Rahim et al., Combatting smuggling in persons: A Malaysia experience (EDP Sciences, Malaysia, 2015). 240 9. South-East Asia and Australia
S. Saad and A. Salman (2014), “Government policy and the challenge of eradicating human trafficking in Malaysia”, Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 10(6):66–74. A. Schloenhardt and C. Craig (2015), “Turning back the boats’: Australia’s interdiction of irregular migrants at sea”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 27(4):536–572. A. Schloenhardt and T. Cottrell (2014), “Financing the Smuggling of Migrants into Australia”, Criminal Law Journal, 38:265–286. A. Seltzer (2013), Human trafficking: the case of Burmese refugees in Thailand, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 37(4):279– 293. S. Watson (2015), “The Criminalization of Human and Humanitarian Smuggling”, Migration, Mobility & Displacement 1(1):39–53. X. Weber and S. Pickering, “Counting and Accounting for Deaths of Asylumseekers en Route to Australia”, in: Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost During Migration (T. Brian and F. Laczko, eds.) (International Organization for Migration, Geneva, 2014), pp. 139–175. R. Zulyadi, G. Subramaniam and T. Kamello (2014), “People smuggling in Indonesia”, International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(11):1092–1099. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 241
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 218 and 219: the spike in irregular migration fr
Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
Page 224 and 225: United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
Page 228 and 229: The growing profile of migrant smug
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Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
Page 236 and 237: The transnational criminal focus ap
Page 238 and 239: Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
Page 240 and 241: Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
Page 244 and 245: Australia. The remaining research w
Page 246 and 247: elsewhere in the region appears to
Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
Page 252 and 253: United Nations Office of Drugs and
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
Page 259 and 260: The following sections provide the
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10:1: Destination countries
Page 263 and 264: a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
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Page 269 and 270: 2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
Page 277 and 278: n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280: 庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
Page 281: 李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
Page 284 and 285: travel documents from friends and f
Page 286 and 287: and 2011). This chapter provides an
Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291: Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293: north, but also within the continen
Page 294 and 295: migration flows. In terms of offici
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Page 298 and 299: the region in a fashion that may al
Page 300 and 301: migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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