Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of Asylum and Illegal Migration in European Union- Turkish Relations. Turkish Studies, 4(1):79–106. 2008 Managing Irregular Migration in Turkey: a political–bureaucratic perspective. CARIM Analytic and Synthetic Notes 2008/61. Irregular Migration Series, Socio-political Module. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy. Kızılsümer, D. 2007 İnsan Ticareti ile Mücadele: Uluslararası Belgeler ve Türkiye’nin Çabaları [Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings: International Documents and Turkey’s Endeavours] (in Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 62(1):113–145. Levitan, R., E. Kaytaz and O. Durukan 2007 Unwelcome Guests: The Detention of Refugees in Turkey’s “Foreigners’ Guesthouses”. Helsinki Citizens Assembly, İstanbul. McGregor, E. and M. Siegel 2013 Social Media and Migration Research. United Nations University, Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT) Working Paper 068/2013. UNU-MERIT and Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, the Netherlands. Mülteci-Der 2007 Report on Refugees in Seferihisar, Izmir. Available from www.multeci. org.tr/belgeler.aspx Narlı, N. 2006 Human Trafficking and Smuggling: the Process, the Actors and the Victim Profile. In: Trafficking in Persons in South East Europe – A Threat to Human Security (N. Narlı, ed.). National Defence Academy and Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence in co-operation with Center for Strategic Research, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Turkey; Bahçeşehir University Istanbul and PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, Istanbul and Vienna, pp. 9–38. Özçürümez, S. and N. Şenses 2011 Europeanization and Turkey: Studying irregular migration policy. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 13(2):233–248. 158 6. Turkey
Öztürk, F. and H.N. Ardor 2007 Suç Sanayinin bir Alanı İnsan Ticareti: Türkiye Açısından bir Değerlendirme [Trafficking in Human Beings as a Field of Crime Industry: An Evaluation for Turkey] (in Turkish). Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 18(62):79–102. Robins, P. 2002 From Small-Time Smuggling to Big-Time Racketeering: Turkey and the Middle East. In: Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: Business as Usual? (M. Berdal and M. Serrano, eds.). Lynne Riener Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 141–154. Şeker, G. and H. Erdal 2010 Van İlinde Gerçekleşen Yasadışı Göç Olaylarının İncelenmesi [An Analysis of Illegal Migration in Van Province] (in Turkish). In: Yerelden Küresele Sınıraşan Suçlar [From Local to Global: Transnational Crimes] (M. Alper Sözer, O.O. Demir, S. Özeren, eds.). Polis Akademisi Yayınları, Ankara, pp. 103–132. Sirkeci, I. 2009 Improving the Immigration and Asylum Statistics in Turkey [Türkiye’de Uluslararası Göç ve Sığınma İstatistiklerinin Geliştirilmesi]. Bilingual (English-Turkish) Research Report. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey. Toksöz, G. 2007 Informal Labour Markets and the Need for Migrant Workers: The Case of Turkey from a Comparative Perspective. In: Irregular Migration, Informal Labour and Community: A Challenge for Europe (E. Berggren et al. (eds.). Shaker Publishing, Maastricht, pp. 183– 198. Toktaş, S. and H. Selimoğlu 2012 Smuggling and Trafficking in Turkey: An Analysis of EU-Turkey Cooperation in Combating Transnational Organized Crime. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 14(11):135–150. Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis 2012 Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 159
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
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Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
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Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
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Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
Page 194 and 195: First, serious thought needs to be
Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
Page 206 and 207: Some irregular migrants from Bangla
Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 218 and 219: the spike in irregular migration fr
Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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