Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migrants suffocate in packed lorry. The Guardian, 11 April. Available from www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/11/ burma.thailand McAuliffe, M. 2015 Can the region respond to the Rohingya crisis? The Interpreter, 21 May. Available from www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/05/21/ Can-region-respond-to-Rohingya-crisis.aspx Resolving the policy conundrums: Enhancing cooperation on protection in Southeast Asia. A case study of policy responses to the May 2015 humanitarian crisis involving Rohingya and Bengali migrants. Paper prepared for the January 2016 Trans-Atlantic Council meeting in Berlin. Migration Policy Institute, Washington, D.C. (forthcoming). McAuliffe, M. and D. Jayasuriya 2016 Do asylum seekers and refugees choose destination countries? Evidence from large-scale surveys in Australia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. International Migration, published online 19 February. McAuliffe, M. and A. Parrinder 2015 Expanding the evidence base on irregular migration through research partnerships: Australia’s Irregular Migration Research Programme. Migration Policy Practice, V(1):22–27. Available from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mpp20.pdf Nethery, A. and S.J. Silverman (eds.) 2015 Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and Its Human Impact. Routledge, Oxon. Newland, K. 2015 Irregular Maritime Migration in the Bay of Bengal: The Challenges of Protection, Management and Cooperation. IOM-MPI Issue in Brief, no. 13. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/ pdf/mpi-iom_brief_no_13.pdf Parnini, S.N. 2013 The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2):281–297. 236 9. South-East Asia and Australia
Perlez, J. 2015 Myanmar’s Fight with Rebels Creates Refugees and Ill Will with China. The New York Times, 21 March. Available from www.nytimes. com/2015/03/22/world/asia/myanmars-fight-with-rebels-createsrefugees-and-ill-will-with-china.html Southwick, K. 2015 Preventing Mass Atrocities against the Stateless Rohingya in Myanmar: A Call for Solutions. Journal of International Affairs, 68(2):137–156. Stoakes, E. 2015 Thailand human trafficking death toll far greater than feared, claims rights group. The Guardian, 6 May. Available from www. theguardian.com/global-development/2015/may/06/thailandhuman-trafficking-mass-grave-burma-rohingya-people Tufft, B. 2015 Migrants describe how people were killed following fights for food on ‘floating coffin’ boats in Andaman Sea. The Independent, 17 May. Available from www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/migrantstell-of-brutal-fights-for-food-on-floating-coffin-boats-in-andamansea-10256575.html Ullah, A. 2011 Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigration & Refugee Studies, 9(2):139–161. United Nations n.d. (a) Migration Country Profiles. Available from http://esa.un.org/ MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/ n.d. (b) Treaty Collection. Available from https://treaties.un.org/ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2015 South-East Asia: Mixed maritime movements, April–June 2015. Available from www.unhcr.org/554c6a746.html Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 237
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
Page 206 and 207: Some irregular migrants from Bangla
Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 218 and 219: the spike in irregular migration fr
Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
Page 224 and 225: United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
Page 228 and 229: The growing profile of migrant smug
Page 230 and 231: For example, Malaysia currently hos
Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
Page 236 and 237: The transnational criminal focus ap
Page 238 and 239: Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
Page 240 and 241: Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
Page 244 and 245: Australia. The remaining research w
Page 246 and 247: elsewhere in the region appears to
Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 252 and 253: United Nations Office of Drugs and
Page 254 and 255: A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
Page 259 and 260: The following sections provide the
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10:1: Destination countries
Page 263 and 264: a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
Page 267 and 268: smugglers as criminals have evolved
Page 269 and 270: 2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
Page 277 and 278: n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280: 庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
Page 281: 李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
Page 284 and 285: travel documents from friends and f
Page 286 and 287: and 2011). This chapter provides an
Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
Page 290 and 291: Some Cuban nationals and residents
Page 292 and 293: north, but also within the continen
Page 294 and 295: migration flows. In terms of offici
Page 296 and 297: esearch has also emerged on the top
Page 298 and 299: the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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