Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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smuggling, most of which focus on Somali, Eritrean and Ethiopian migrants who form a majority of the smuggled migrants. Other Eastern African countries have limited data but are important as transit countries. Overview of migrant smuggling in the region Smuggling routes There are three main destinations for migrants from Eastern Africa, which are Europe, the Middle East and Southern Africa. The routes taken depend on the mode of transport used by the smuggled migrant. EUROPE MIDDLE EAST Via the Sudan to Libya or Egypt where they access Europe from West Balkans via the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the Central Mediterranean route to Italy. Most of the migrants are Somalis, Eritreans, Sudanese and Ethiopians. To Yemen via the Somali regions’ cities of Hargeisa and Bossaso. SOUTHERN AFRICA Via Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania, to South Africa where majority of the irregular migrants are destined. Smugglers use existing trade routes frequented by nomadic ethnic groups from the Horn of Africa to North Africa and beyond. For instance, the Raishaida from Eritrea continue their nomadic lifestyle moving across the border to Sudan and the Tuareg in North Africa. In contrast, the routes to Southern Africa are manned by a network of smugglers operating in the country of origin and the transit countries, both on land and sea. The choice of the destination depends on whether the migrant has networks residing in those locations (that is, family/ friends) or based on the options provided by the smuggler. It is noticeable that migrants from Eastern Africa, especially Ethiopians and Somalis, prefer South Africa as a destination; however, the numbers destined for that location are unknown, unlike the figure reported to the Middle East via Yemen or Europe via North Africa (see Map 3.2). 58 3. East Africa
Map 3.2: Migration routes from Eastern Africa Source: IOM, 2012. Migrant smuggling from source to destination Some countries in Eastern Africa operate primarily as transit countries, whereas others are major source countries. Table 3.2 below outlines the source, transit and destination countries of migrant smuggling. Table 3.2: Source, transit and destination countries for migrant smuggling Source country Transit countries/territories Destination countries Somalia Djibouti, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania Europe, Kenya, South Africa, Yemen Djibouti Yemen Ethiopia Djibouti, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Puntland, Somalia, Somaliland, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Europe, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates Eritrea Libya, Kenya, Sudan Europe, Egypt, Israel, Kenya Source: Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS), 2013. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 59
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33 and 34: References commonplace than is read
Page 35 and 36: International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
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Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 63 and 64: Global Initiative Against Transnati
Page 65 and 66: Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 74 and 75: Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
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Page 86 and 87: Remaining data available online inc
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Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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Page 98 and 99: United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
Page 104 and 105: Key locations There is much to sugg
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Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113: In terms of research focused on smu
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Page 116 and 117: Global Initiative against Transnati
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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