Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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in West and Central Africa are rather a handful of data points. For instance, Massalaki (2015) reports that, according to UNODC, up to 4,000 migrants can pass through Agadez, Niger, every week. The year before, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that the weekly number of migrants passing through Northern Niger on their way to Libya is 750–1,000 (UNHCR, 2014). Although these are both estimates, it is hard to say how much of the difference can be attributed to an actual increase in migration. The two estimates are not exactly comparable in their geographical reference point, and there may be methodological differences in how the estimates were produced. This example illustrates the point that a call for more data on migrant smuggling is not simply a call for more numbers, but rather, for numbers that are systematically collected in a comparative way and made public together with the underlying methodology, definitions and assumptions. Data on asylum represents an important resource, but with limitations. These data are collected, processed and distributed more systematically than any other statistical information related to smuggling. However, the relationship between smuggling and asylum is only partial; not all smuggled migrants apply for asylum, and not all asylum seekers have been smuggled. Still, asylum statistics are valuable for making cross-national comparisons in West and Central Africa. Figure 2.1 displays the peak annual number of asylum applications launched in Europe by African citizens from 2008 to 2014. 7 The figure makes cross-country comparisons with two perspectives: (a) how prominent was each nationality from the Europe point of view; and (b) how important was asylum migration to Europe from an origin-country point of view. The figure includes all countries in Africa, but only the ones in West and Central Africa are labelled. The vertical axis represents the absolute number of applications. Nigerians, Malians and Gambians stand out with more than 10,000 applications from each in their respective peak years. The horizontal axis expresses the number of applications relative to the resident population in the country of origin. Among the countries in West and Central Africa, the Gambia is in a league of its own in terms of the intensity of asylum migration. Next in line are Mali, Guinea, Mauritania and Guinea-Bissau. With the exception of Mali, these countries of origin receive little attention in a media and policy landscape that is focused on the absolute number of arrivals from a receiving-country perspective. 7 The number of applications fluctuates from year to year, and the peaks can have greater analytical value than the averages. 32 2. West and Central Africa
Figure 2.1: Asylum applications launched in Europe by African citizens, maximum annual figure by country of citizenship, 2008–2014 Source: UNHCR (asylum applications) and World Bank (population). Moving on from summary statistics, the second form of data to consider is primary survey data. Primary here implies that the data is available in its most detailed form before any aggregation or analysis. For survey data, this implies data sets containing all the individual responses, possibly with modifications to ensure anonymity. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 33
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Page 6 and 7: on migrant smuggling and irregular
Page 8 and 9: Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11: Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 12 and 13: Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
Page 15 and 16: 1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18: disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20: Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31 and 32: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 33 and 34: References commonplace than is read
Page 35 and 36: International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44: distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
Page 53 and 54: and terrorism are mentioned in the
Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 63 and 64: Global Initiative Against Transnati
Page 65 and 66: Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 72 and 73: smuggling, most of which focus on S
Page 74 and 75: Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
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Page 82 and 83: identified along the routes to the
Page 84 and 85: collecting data on irregular migrat
Page 86 and 87: Remaining data available online inc
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Page 90 and 91: • Risk of abduction and trafficki
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Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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