Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van Eerdewijk 2013 Dynamic Migration Intentions and the Impact of Socio-Institutional Environments: A Transit Migration Hub in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(7):1087–1105. Yılmaz, A. 2003 Edirne’den gelişmiş ülkelere gitme teşebbüsünde bulunan transit göçmenler. [Transit Migrants trying to reach developed countries from Edirne Province, Turkey] (in Turkish). Unpublished master’s thesis submitted to Anthropology Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey. 2014 Uluslararası Göç: Çesitleri, Nedenleri ve Etkileri [International Migration: Types, Reasons and Impacts] (in Turkish). Turkish Studies, 9(2):1685–1704. 160 6. Turkey
7 AFGHANISTAN Nassim Majidi and Richard Danziger Introduction Large-scale migration from Afghanistan has been a phenomenon since the late 1970s when the country first experienced instability, conflict and a shattered economy. Since then, the number of Afghans leaving has fluctuated in function of the degree of instability and economic hardship in the country, with Afghans continuously – and increasingly – on the move. 49 Due to the large presence of registered refugees and undocumented Afghans in the neighbouring countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter referred to as Iran) 50 and Pakistan, 51 an overview of smuggling from Afghanistan must also cover Iran and Pakistan, not only as transit and destination countries but also as countries of origin. The transition of responsibility for national security from international to Afghan forces in 2014 has led to renewed insecurity (UNAMA, 2016) and a sharp economic downturn, which in turn has given rise to an “Afghan exodus” 52 of a dimension not seen since the 2001 invasion and overthrow of the Taliban regime. Policymakers and practitioners struggle to estimate the numbers of Afghans currently leaving Afghanistan and its region through irregular means, so the focus is on the number of asylum seekers arriving in Europe. In 2015, Afghans were the second largest group of asylum seekers in Europe after Syrians. 53 With very limited regular pathways for migration, 54 smuggling has been the traditional 49 Other papers relate the background and history of Afghan migration. The most recent resources include the IOM Afghanistan Migration Profile (2014b), Koser (2014), Schmeidl (2014), Majidi (2016). 50 Islamic Republic of Iran is the country name in the UNTERM database. For editorial and spacing reasons, Iran will be used in this chapter. 51 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2014 estimated the number of Afghans in Pakistan to be 2.5 million, and 1.95 million in Iran. 52 Afghan Analysts Network’s (2015) series of analysis pieces titled “Afghan exodus” launched in November 2015 and ongoing at the time of this research (see www.afghanistan-analysts.org/an-afghan-exodus-factsfigures-trends/). 53 IOM number of asylum seekers in 2015. 54 The Government of Afghanistan is now embarking on its first National Labour Migration Strategy to be formally launched in 2016 to complement the country’s National Labour Policy. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 161
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
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Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
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Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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