Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migration and Displacement Impacts of Afghan Transitions in 2014: Implications for Australia. Irregular Migration Research Program Occasional Paper Number 3. Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia, Belconnen, ACT. Legorano, G. and J. Parkinson 2015 Following the Migrant Money Trail. Wall Street Journal, 30 December (updated). Available from www.wsj.com/articles/following-themigrant-money-trail-1451471405 Majidi, N. 2008 Research at the Afghanistan–Iranian border documenting the facilitators of irregular migration of migrant workers to Iran. 2012 Interviews with Afghan migrants in France and returnees in Afghanistan. 2016 Managing Migration Remotely: Return, Reintegration and Rebordering in Afghanistan, Ph.D. dissertation, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, Sciences Po, Paris. Mogelson, L. 2012 The Scariest Little Corner of the World. New York Times Magazine, 18 October. Available from www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/magazine/ the-corner-where-afghanistan-iran-and-pakistan-meet.html?_r=0 Monzini, P. 2004 Migrant Smuggling via Maritime Routes. Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, Rome. Neske, M. 2006 Human Smuggling to and through Germany. International Migration, 44(4): 121–164. Pangerc, D. 2012 Illegal migrations along the Balkan Route. SDU Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue on Balkans, 2:139–147. Papadopoulou-Kourkoula, A. 2008 Transit Migration: The Missing Link between Emigration and Settlement. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. 184 7. Afghanistan
Petros, M. 2005 The costs of human smuggling and trafficking. Global Migration Perspectives, 31. Global Commission on International Migration, Geneva. Ruttig, T. 2015 An “Afghan Exodus” (1): Facts, figures and trends. Afghan Analysts Network (AAN), 14 November. Available from www.afghanistananalysts.org/an-afghan-exodus-facts-figures-trends/ Sahin-Mencütek, Z. 2012 Immigration Control in Transit States: The Case of Turkey. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 5:137–163. Samuel Hall 2013 Old Practice, New Chains: Modern Slavery in Afghanistan. Commissioned by IOM Afghanistan. 2014 Displacement Dynamics: IDP Movement Tracking, Needs and Vulnerability Analysis, Herat and Helmand Afghanistan. Commissioned by IOM Afghanistan. 2016 Longitudinal migration assessment. Self-funded and ongoing research project aimed at interviewing Afghans in transit, destination and upon return. Schmeidl, S. 2014 “Going, Going … Once Again Gone?” The Human Capital Outflow from Afghanistan Post 2014 Elections. Barcelona Centre for International Affairs – CIDOB, Barcelona, Spain, Sources of Tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective. Schuster, L. 2011 Turning refugees into “illegal migrants”: Afghan asylum seekers in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(8):1392–1407. Stamouli, N. 2016 Inside the Migrant-Smuggling Trade: Escapes Start at €1,000. Wall Street Journal, 29 March (updated). Available from www.wsj. com/articles/european-border-crackdown-kick-starts-migrantsmuggling-business-1459260153 Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 185
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
Page 178 and 179: (though it should be noted that a c
Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
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Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
Page 190 and 191: • Number of departures from Afgha
Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
Page 194 and 195: First, serious thought needs to be
Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
Page 206 and 207: Some irregular migrants from Bangla
Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 218 and 219: the spike in irregular migration fr
Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
Page 228 and 229: The growing profile of migrant smug
Page 230 and 231: For example, Malaysia currently hos
Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
Page 236 and 237: The transnational criminal focus ap
Page 238 and 239: Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
Page 240 and 241: Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
Page 244 and 245: Australia. The remaining research w
Page 246 and 247: elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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