Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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The summary of data contained in the 2015 UNODC report (Table 9.2), with its many “unknowns”, caveats and broad estimations, provides further insight into the very real impediments to estimating and reporting on smuggling in South-East Asia. But, as noted above, this has not prevented the emergence of general agreement on broad trends. It is generally acknowledged that migrant smuggling is characterized as follows: (a) widespread throughout South-East Asia, acting mainly to support specific sectors of national economies that rely heavily on unregulated labour; (b) often merges with human trafficking (as well as other illicit activities such as drug smuggling); and (c) facilitated by corrupted authorities and officials. These factors conspire to pose very significant risks to migrants’ rights and well-being, irrespective of the reasons underpinning their unauthorized migration. 220 9. South-East Asia and Australia
Table 9.2: Estimated numbers of irregular migrants and persons smuggled Irregular migrants Smuggled migrants Origin Destination Residing in… Irregular migrants Smuggled migrants Brunei Darussalam - - - Unknown Unknown Unknown Cambodia Indonesia Lao People’s Democratic Republic 120,000 to 180,000 Several million Unknown Thailand - - - Unknown Malaysia - - - 110,854 44,000 Thailand - - - Malaysia - - - 3–5 million Unknown Myanmar 470,000+ Up to 90% of all irregular migrants Philippines 765,000 Unknown Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Thailand Malaysia, United States, Singapore, China (Hong Kong), United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates - - - - - - From… Indonesia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam Singapore - - - Unknown Unknown Philippines, Malaysia, Myanmar Thailand - - - 2,500,000– 3,000,000 Up to 80% of all irregular migrants Timor-Leste Unknown Unknown Unknown - - - Viet Nam Unknown Unknown France, Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden, Czech Republic, United States - - - Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar Source: Summary of UNODC data contained in UNODC, 2015:57–59. Note: The UNODC research team compiled the data based on returned surveys from participating countries (see UNODC (2015)), pp. 4–10). Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 221
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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Page 279 and 280: 庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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