Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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time on aspects of smuggling. Its potential as a powerful analytical tool is considerable. • This report has identified a huge number of studies on migrant smuggling. This evidence is currently scattered across several countries and regions. Bringing this information together into a global database of research and data on migrant smuggling, which is regularly updated, could help policymakers to draw on the emerging evidence in a more timely fashion in the future. 3. Focusing on emerging and priority topics for research and data collection • Striking a balance between timely data on irregular migration flows involving smuggled migrants and methodological rigour needs to be pursued as a priority. Capturing and reporting data that is not sufficiently rigorous risks potentially adding to misinformation on migrant smuggling. Non-traditional sources of migration data – especially Big Data – offer new insights into the smuggling process that have yet to be fully explored. While a growing number of migration studies have used Big Data to measure population movements and remittance flows, studies on irregular migration using Big Data are in their infancy. • More recent efforts to combat migrant smuggling involving military-led operations, and the deployment of tactical and strategic elements is likely to open new lines of thought and add an extra dimension to research and analysis. Of particular focus is likely to be the effectiveness or otherwise of such efforts at curbing or stopping smuggling, although the impact on operational staff as well as migrants is also relevant. • The increase in recent years in humanitarian non-State actors who may unintentionally be assisting organized criminal smuggling networks, such as those involved in the development of apps to help irregular migrants travel, needs to be further explored through targeted research, as does the potential for assistance to refugees in avoiding exploitation and abuse at the hands of smugglers. • Migrant-centric research offers different perspectives on smuggling compared to research and analysis undertaken with a transnational crime focus, which places greater emphasis on smugglers’ operations and practices and less emphasis on migrants’ experiences. Assuming an understanding of how (potential) migrants think about smuggling and irregular migration, as well as how they may behave is foolhardy but perhaps more 18 1. Report Overview
References commonplace than is readily admitted. Robust research is able to support or refute such assumptions, but there are many aspects that remain under-researched, including on migration decisionmaking, migrant abuse and exploitation, smuggler marketing and recruitment practices, the role of transnational connectivity in smuggling, the risks of smuggled migrants becoming trafficked victims, as well as the multifaceted reasons why people seek to migrate irregularly. Anderson, S. 2016 Asylum seeker boat bound for Australia intercepted, people smuggler jailed in WA, Peter Dutton confirms. ABC News, 21 April. Available from www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-21/asylum-seekerboat-bound-for-australia-intercepted/7345274 Andreas, P. 2011 The transformation of migrant smuggling across the US-Mexican border. In: Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives (D. Kyle and R. Koslowksi, eds.). The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Brian, T. and F. Laczko (eds.) 2014 Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost During Migration. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/fataljourneys_ countingtheuncounted.pdf 2016 Fatal Journeys Volume 2: and Identification and Tracing of Dead and Missing Migrants. IOM, Geneva. Available from https://publications. iom.int/system/files/fataljourneys_vol2.pdf Carling, J., A. Gallagher and C. Horwood 2015 Beyond Definitions: Global migration and the smuggling–trafficking nexus. Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS) Discussion Paper No. 2, RMMS, Nairobi. Castles, S., H. de Haas and M. Miller 2014 The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (5th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., Hampshire. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 19
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Page 6 and 7: on migrant smuggling and irregular
Page 8 and 9: Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
Page 10 and 11: Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
Page 12 and 13: Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
Page 15 and 16: 1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
Page 17 and 18: disrupt the activities of migrant s
Page 19 and 20: Financial motives are central to th
Page 21 and 22: Complexities of smuggling Part of t
Page 23 and 24: physical and mental harm, and somet
Page 25 and 26: Probably the best data available re
Page 27 and 28: Finally, it could be argued that co
Page 29 and 30: (chapter 2), grey literature “ref
Page 31: on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
Page 35 and 36: International Organization for Migr
Page 37 and 38: Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
Page 41 and 42: Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
Page 43 and 44: distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
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Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 63 and 64: Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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