Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the views of irregular migrants: Decision making, drivers and migration journeys. Irregular Migration Research Program. Occasional Paper Series no. 5. Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Government of Australia. 2016 How transnational connectivity is shaping irregular migration: Insights for migration policy and practice from the 2015 irregular migration flows to Europe. Migration Policy Practice, VI(1):4–10. Available from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/ mpp_25_0.pdf McAuliffe, M. and D. Jayasuriya 2016 Do asylum seekers and refugees choose destination countries? Evidence from large-scale surveys in Australia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. International Migration, DOI: 10.1111/imig.12240. Mehdi, S.S. 2010 Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking: From Bangladesh to Pakistan and Beyond. Study conducted for BEFARe, Peshawar in collaboration with ActionAid Pakistan with the support of European Commission, Islamabad. Paoletti, S. et al. 2014 Migrant Workers’ Access to Justice at Home: Nepal. Migrant Workers’ Access to Justice Series. Open Society Foundations, New York. Pastore, F., P. Monzini and G. Sciortino 2006 Schengen’s Soft Underbelly? Irregular Migration and Human Smuggling across Land and Sea Borders to Italy. International Migration, 44(4):95–119. Pitkänen, P. and M. Korpela (eds.) 2014 Characteristics of Temporary Transnational Migration, Collected Working Papers from the EURA-NET Project. University of Tampere, Finland. Raghavan, R. and D. Jayasuriya 2016a People smuggling field insights: Pakistan. Red Elephant Research policy document (forthcoming). 2016b People smuggling field insights: Sri Lanka. Red Elephant Research policy document (forthcoming). 208 8. South Asia
Rahman, M.M. and M.A. Kabir 2012 Bangladeshi migration to Italy: The family perspective. Asia Europe Journal, 10(4), 251–265. Rajan, S.I. 2014 Characteristics of Temporary Transnational Migration – India. In: Characteristics of Temporary Transnational Migration, Collected Working Papers from the EURA-NET project. University of Tampere, Finland, pp. 190–232. Reddy, Y.Y. 2012 Inexorable Cross-border Illegal Migrations Entangled in Geopolitical Exigencies in SAARC. A Biannual Journal of South Asian Studies, 5(1):10–23. Saha, K.C. 2012 Irregular migration from India to the EU: Punjab & Haryana Case Study, CARIM-India Research Report, 28. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole, European University Institute. Salt, J. and J. Stein 1997 Migration as a business: the case of trafficking. International Migration, 35(4), 467–494. Shelley, L. 2014 Human Smuggling and Trafficking into Europe: A Comparative Perspective. Transatlantic Council on Migration, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, D.C. Shepherd, M. 2014 Refugees and people smuggling: What the media refuse to challenge. Independent Australia, 26 October. Available from https://independentaustralia.net/australia/australia-display/socalled-people-smuggling-what-the-media-refuse-to-challenge,7032 Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis 2012 Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 209
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
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Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
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Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
Page 194 and 195: First, serious thought needs to be
Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
Page 218 and 219: the spike in irregular migration fr
Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 224 and 225: United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 226 and 227: This conceptualization has been evi
Page 228 and 229: The growing profile of migrant smug
Page 230 and 231: For example, Malaysia currently hos
Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
Page 236 and 237: The transnational criminal focus ap
Page 238 and 239: Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
Page 240 and 241: Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
Page 244 and 245: Australia. The remaining research w
Page 246 and 247: elsewhere in the region appears to
Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
Page 252 and 253: United Nations Office of Drugs and
Page 254 and 255: A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
Page 259 and 260: The following sections provide the
Page 261 and 262: Figure 10:1: Destination countries
Page 263 and 264: a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
Page 267 and 268: smugglers as criminals have evolved
Page 269 and 270: 2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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