Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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There is much need to understand the social organization of migrant smuggling within the broader context of irregular transnational migration. A collective and coordinated effort is needed to move current on migrant smuggling in the United States, which remains haphazard and individual endeavors, to a higher and more policy relevant level. References Andreas, P. 2009 Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexican Divide. Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York. Bodnar, J. 1985 The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Burt, R. 1992 Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 2005 Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. University Press, Oxford. Chin, K. 1999 Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. Commission on Population and Development (United Nations) 1997 Concise report on world population monitoring, 1997: international migration and development, Report of the Secretary-General. Available from www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/cn9/1997/ ecn91997-2.htm Cornelius, W.A. 1998 The structural embeddedness of demand for immigrant labor in California and Japan. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS), University of California, San Diego, California. Available from http://migration.ucdavis.edu/rs/more.php?id=73_0_3_0 2005 Controlling ‘Unwanted’ Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993–2004. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(4):775–794. 320 12. United States
Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds.) 2007 Impacts of Border Enforcement on Mexican Migration: The View from Sending Communities. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego, California. Finckenauer, J. 2007 Mafia and Organized Crime: A Beginner’s Guide. Oneworld Publications, Oxford. Gallagher, A.T. and F. David 2014 The International Law of Migrant Smuggling. Cambridge University Press, London. Garland, L. 2008 Not-quite-closed Gates: Jewish Alien Smuggling in the Post-Quota Years. American Jewish History, 94(3):197–224. Harris, J.R. and M.P. Todaro 1970 Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. American Economic Review, 60(1):126–142. Hoefer, M., N. Rytina and B. Baker 2012 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2011. Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C. Lewis, J.M. 2005 Strategies for Survival: Migration and Fair Trade-Organic Coffee Production in Oaxaca, Mexico (Working Paper 118). Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego, California. Available from http://ccis.ucsd.edu/publications/ papers.html Mahler, S.J. 1995 American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Massey, D.S. et al. 1993 Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3):431–466. 1998 Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 321
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
Page 284 and 285: travel documents from friends and f
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Page 288 and 289: journalistic reports suggest many o
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Page 302 and 303: security mechanisms, efforts to eng
Page 304 and 305: Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
Page 306 and 307: Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
Page 308 and 309: Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
Page 310 and 311: Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
Page 312 and 313: Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
Page 314 and 315: 2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
Page 317 and 318: 12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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Page 321 and 322: During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
Page 323 and 324: Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
Page 325 and 326: Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Page 333: Most policymakers as well as border
Page 337 and 338: Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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