Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law of Germany (AufenthG) or Law on the residence, employment and the integration of foreigners in the Federal Territory, consolidated version 2016 (Gesetzüber den Aufenthalt, die Erwerbstätigkeitund die Integration von Ausländern im Bundesgebiet). Available from www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ aufenthg_2004/BJNR195010004.html 2014 Greek Migration Code or Law N. 4251/2014 (in Greek). Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic, Issue Α No. 80, 1 April. Available from www.mfa.gr/images/docs/ethnikes_theoriseis/2014/4251.pdf n.d. Federal Act on Foreign Nationals SR142.20 of Switzerland (FNA) (Bundesgesetz über die Ausländerinnen und Ausländer), 16 December 2005 (Status as of 1 October 2015). The Federal Council, Swiss Government Portal. Available from http://www.gesetze-iminternet.de/aufenthg_2004/BJNR195010004.html n.d. Federal Aliens Act of Austria (FPG) or Federal Act on the Exercise of Aliens’ Police, the Issue of Documents for Aliens and the Granting of Entry Permits of Austria (Fremdenpolizeigesetz 2005), consolidated version 2016. Available from www.jusline.at/Fremdenpolizeigesetz_ (FPG).html 136 5. Europe
6 TURKEY Ahmet İçduygu and Sebnem Koser Akcapar Introduction There is a long history of migrant smuggling in Turkey and its immediate neighbourhood, which started with the irregular flows of migrants from Afghanistan by the end of the 1970s following a series of events, namely the following: (a) the Soviet invasion, civil wars, Taliban regime; (b) in the early 1980s from the Islamic Republic of Iran after the regime change and persecution based on religion and political opinion; (c) end-1980s from Iraq due to Saddam’s attacks on Kurds followed by American occupation in 2003 and the civil war; and (d) more recently from the Syrian Arab Republic fleeing from civil war that erupted in 2011. Apart from these flows, Turkey has transformed into a transit migration hub for migrants hailing from Africa and South Asia thanks to the dynamics of globalization and increasing mobility. Undoubtedly, migrant smuggling in Turkey is closely associated with irregular migration issues. As seen in other parts of the world, one reason for this connotation is that mixed flows of migrants are involved in migrant smuggling in the region. These migrants are as follows: (a) transit migrants who enter the country usually from South Asia, Africa and Middle East with the intention of using Turkey as a springboard to migrate to another country in the West, mostly in Europe; (b) irregular economic migrants who come to Turkey with the objective of living and working without valid documents; and (c) asylum seekers who are stranded in the country longer than they expected and rejected cases who are not accepted as refugees. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 137
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
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Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
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Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
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Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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