Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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4 April 2016 in line with the bilateral readmission agreement between Greece and Turkey. 47 In return for every Syrian being returned to Turkey from the Greek islands, another Syrian will be resettled to the European Union. While these are welcoming developments to curb migrant smuggling networks and put an end to migrants losing their lives while crossing the seas, there is a grave danger in limiting the genuine asylum seekers’ access to their right to seek refuge and protection in the European Union regardless of their nationality of origin. Turkey’s position as a transit and destination country for immigrants and asylum seekers who are in search for better economic and social conditions became ever more apparent than before. Yet, detailed and scientific reports focusing on human smuggling networks, the role of migrant networks, and methods used have so far been very limited. Managing migration requires better understanding of the complex dynamics between irregular migration, human smuggling and trafficking. The time is ripe with ground-breaking, interdisciplinary research, which can promise to bring together all these complexities with innovative research approaches. 48 Previous research and fieldwork carried out in Turkey suggest that there is a pressing need for more comprehensive research for filling the gap on critical information about changing regional dynamics that eventually alter the processes of migrant smuggling in the Middle East and beyond. It is also important to deconstruct human smuggling in the region by documenting the following: (a) historical comparative perspectives with regard to countries of origin, transit and destination; (b) profiles of migrant smugglers and categories of smuggled migrants; (c) gender-specific problems faced by migrants in the smuggling process; (d) different payment methods, such as the frequent use of so-called hawala system; (e) methods of recruitment and often complicated smuggler–migrant relationship; (f) migrant-initiated smallscale smuggling operatives. Such research providing specific quantitative and qualitative data on migrant smuggling would make it possible to establish more reliable statistics to see the overall picture that is necessary on how these smuggling networks operate. The lack of reliable information and data hinder the active engagement of policymakers and civil society in finding lasting solutions to this age-old problem affecting millions and causing deaths of many people on their so-called journey of hope. 47 For details of the European Union–Turkey agreement, see http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16- 963_en.htm 48 See for example, Siegel and McGregor’s research on the role of social media among irregular Afghan migrants to facilitate their migration project to the Netherlands. 152 6. Turkey
References Akcapar, S.K. 2006 Conversion as a Migration Strategy in a Transit Country: Iranian Shiites Becoming Christians in Turkey. International Migration Review, 40(4):817–853. 2010 Re-Thinking Migrants’ Networks and Social Capital: A Case Study of Iranians in Turkey. International Migration, 48(2):161–196. Akgül, A., A. Kaptı and O.Ö. Demir 2015 Göç ve Kamu Politikalari: Suriye Krizi Üzerine Bir Analiz [Migration and Public Policies: An Analysis of Syrian Crisis] (in Turkish). The GLOBAL: A Journal of Policy and Strategy, 1(2):1–22. Amnesty International 2014 Greece: Frontier of Hope and Fear, Migrants and Refugees Pushed Back at Europe’s Borders. Available from www.amnesty.org/en/ documents/EUR25/004/2014/en/ 2015 Europe’s Gatekeeper: Unlawful Detention and Deportation of Refugees from Turkey. Available from www.amnesty.org/en/ documents/eur44/3022/2015/en/ Arslantaş, A. 2011 Turkey and Illegal Migrations. In: Human Trafficking, Smuggling and Illegal Immigration (M. Coen, ed.). IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 121– 125. Ay, Y. 2014 Göçmen Kaçakçılığıyla Mücadelede İnsan Güvenliği Yaklaşımı: Türkiye Örneği [Human Security Perspective in Combating Migrant Smuggling: The Case of Turkey] (in Turkish). Turkish Military Academy, Defence Sciences Institute, Graduate Program in Security Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. Baird, T. 2014 Human Smuggling and Violence in the East Mediterranean. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 10(3):121–133. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 153
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
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Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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