Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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This conceptualization has been evident for decades. For example, during the Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indo-Chinese Refugees in the 1980s and 1990s, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 79 persistently but ambiguously referred to refugees as “illegal immigrants/displaced persons (refugees) from Indochina” (ASEAN, 1979). The region as a whole has struggled to embrace the ideals and many of the practices associated with safeguarding migrants’ rights – whether regular or irregular migrants, migrant workers, asylum seekers/refugees, students or smuggled and trafficked migrants. This can be seen in the weakness of legal and policy frameworks (both national and regional) relevant to the rights of migrants, including asylum seekers and refugees. In contrast, there has been a strong focus on countering the transnational criminal aspects of migration, as reflected in the region’s embrace of relatively new international instruments and procedures developed to address the involvement of organized criminal groups in migration, including through trafficking and smuggling. For example, as shown in Table 9.1, all States in the region are party to the 2000 United Nations Convention against Transnational Crime, almost all are party to the related Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol), and most are party to the related Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Smuggling Protocol). Conversely, few States in the region are party to the Refugee Convention (and related Protocol), even fewer have ratified the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UN migrant workers conventions and UN statelessness conventions. 79 ASEAN Member States include the following: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam, with Timor- Leste and Papua New Guinea attending as observers. 212 9. South-East Asia and Australia
Table 9.1: Ratification of selected international instruments by countries in South-East Asia 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol 1 1975 ILO Migrant Workers Convention 1 Either UN conventions on statelessness 2 1990 UN Migrant Workers Convention 1 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2 2000 Protocol against Smuggling of Prevent, Supress and Punish Trafficking in Persons 1 Migrants 1 2000 Protocol to Australia 1954 - 1973 - 2004 2004 2005 Brunei - - - - 2008 - - Darussalam Cambodia 1992 - - - 2005 2005 2007 Indonesia - - - 2012 2009 2009 2009 Lao People’s - - - - 2003 2003 2003 Democratic Republic Malaysia - - - - 2004 - 2009 Myanmar - - - - 2004 2004 2004 Philippines 1981 2006 2011* 1995 2002 2002 2002 Singapore - - - - 2007 - 2015 Thailand - - - - 2013 - 2013 Timor-Leste 2003 - - 2004 2009 2009 2009 Viet Nam - - - - 2012 - 2012 Sources: 1. United Nations migration country profiles. Available from http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files (accessed 8 September 2015); 2. UN Treaty Collection. Available from https://treaties.un.org/ (accessed 8 September 2015). *Note: The Philippines ratified the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons but not the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 213
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
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Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
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Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
Page 206 and 207: Some irregular migrants from Bangla
Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
Page 212 and 213: Ultimately, the data that is collec
Page 214 and 215: Review of migrant smuggling researc
Page 216 and 217: (2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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Page 232 and 233: Lyneham, 2014). The following case
Page 234 and 235: The summary of data contained in th
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Page 242 and 243: Given extremely limited household i
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Page 246 and 247: elsewhere in the region appears to
Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
Page 252 and 253: United Nations Office of Drugs and
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Page 257 and 258: 10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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Page 265 and 266: Problems with accessibility Given t
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Page 269 and 270: 2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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