Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (GITNOC) 2015 Libya: a growing hub for Criminal Economies and Terrorist Financing in the Trans-Sahara, GITOC Policy Brief. GITNOC, Geneva. International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2011 Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis, February–December 2011 Report. IOM, Geneva. Available from https://publications.iom. int/system/files/pdf/final_mena_10_months_compressed.pdf 2014a Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision. IOM and Eurasylum, Geneva. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/libya_rapid_ assessment.pdf 2014b Global Migration Trends: An overview. IOM Migration Research Division, Geneva. Available from http://iomgmdac.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/10/Global_Migration_Trends_2014_PDF.pdf 2015a Assessment of Data Collection and Statistics on International Migration in Libya. IOM, Geneva. Available from https://publications. iom.int/system/files/pdf/assessment_of_data_libya.pdf 2015b Addressing Complex Migration Flows in the Mediterranean: IOM Response Plan, Spotlight on South-Eastern Europe, October 2015. IOM Regional Office for South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Vienna. Available from www.iom.int/sites/default/ files/country/docs/seeeca/SEE-Adressing-Complex-Flows-in-the- Mediterranean.pdf 2015c New Avenues to Address the Mediterranean Influx to Europe: Call for Action in Support of IOM Response Plan. IOM, Geneva. 2015d The Middle East and North Africa: Annual Report 2014. IOM, Geneva. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mena_ annual_report_2014.pdf Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) 2014 Beyond Imagination: Asylum Seekers Testify to Life in Libya. JRS, Malta. Malakooti, A. 2013a Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads – Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Postrevolution Libya. Altai Consulting for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Libya, Tripoli. 2013b A Social and Economic Assessment of Urban Refugees in Three Libyan Cities. Altai Consulting for UNHCR Libya, Tripoli. 102 4. North Africa
2015a Irregular Migration between West Africa to North Africa and the Mediterranean. Altai Consulting for IOM Nigeria, Abuja. Available from www.rodakar.iom.int/oimsenegal/sites/default/files/Altai%20 Consulting-Free%20Movement%20and%20Migration%20in%20 West%20Africa-Final%20Report..._0.pdf 2015b Migration Trends in the Mediterranean: Connecting the Dots. Altai Consulting for IOM Middle East and North Africa Regional Office, Cairo. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/ altai_migration_trends_accross_the_mediterranean.pdf McAdam, M. and M. Nicot 2011 UNODC Issue Paper: Smuggling Migrants by Sea. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna. Migration Policy Centre (MPC) 2013a MPC Migration Profile: Algeria. MPC, Florence. 2013b MPC Migration Profile: Egypt. MPC, Florence. 2013c MPC Migration Profile: Libya. MPC, Florence. 2013d MPC Migration Profile: Tunisia. MPC, Florence. Monzini, P. 2010 Smuggling of migrants into, through and from North Africa: A thematic review and annotated bibliography of recent publications. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna. Naik, A. et al. 2015 Detained Youth: The Fate of Young Migrants, Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in Libya Today. MHub, Cairo. Natter, K. 2015 Revolution and political transition in Tunisia: A migration game changer? Migration Information Source Country Profile. Migration Policy Institute (MPI), Washington, D.C. Pluim, M. et al. 2010 A Comprehensive Survey of Migration Flows and Institutional Capabilities in Libya. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna. Poptcheva, E. 2015 EU legal framework on asylum and irregular immigration ‘on arrival’ State of play. European Parliament briefing. European Parliamentary Research Service, Brussels. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 103
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
Page 65 and 66: Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 72 and 73: smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
Page 80 and 81: to air travel. Although travelling
Page 82 and 83: identified along the routes to the
Page 84 and 85: collecting data on irregular migrat
Page 86 and 87: Remaining data available online inc
Page 88 and 89: informant interviews and in-depth i
Page 90 and 91: • Risk of abduction and trafficki
Page 92 and 93: human trafficking, but also inform
Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
Page 96 and 97: 2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
Page 98 and 99: United Nations High Commissioner fo
Page 100 and 101: Mediterranean routes passing throug
Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
Page 104 and 105: Key locations There is much to sugg
Page 106 and 107: smuggler once in the destination co
Page 108 and 109: increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113: In terms of research focused on smu
Page 114 and 115: perspective of the migration dynami
Page 118 and 119: Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
Page 120 and 121: of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
Page 122 and 123: (c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135: of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137: smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139: critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
Page 160 and 161: Review of data on migrant smuggling
Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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